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2 Selenium Nanocomposites in Diagnosis, Drug Delivery, and Treatment

       Irina A. Shurygina and Michael G. Shurygin

       Irkutsk Scientific Center of Surgery and Traumatology, Bortsov Revolutsii st., Irkutsk, Russia

Nomenclature

AGarabinogalactanCur‐SeNPsCurcumin‐loaded SeNPsDICdifferential interference contrastDNAdeoxyribonucleic acidDoxdoxorubicinEGFRepidermal growth factor receptorELISAenzyme‐linked immunosorbent assayEPIepirubicinFA‐SeNPSeNPs loaded with ferulic acidFU5‐fluorouracilGE11 SeNPsoridonin peptide‐conjugated GE11 SeNPsGRL‐11372human osteoblast‐like cellsHeLaimmortal cell lineHepG2human hepatoma cellIC50half maximal inhibitory concentrationILinterleukinMAPKmitogen‐activated protein kinaseMBCminimum bactericidal concentrationMCP‐1monocyte chemoattractant protein 1MDA‐MB‐231human breast cancer cellsMICminimal inhibiting concentrationNF‐κBnuclear factor kappa‐light‐chain‐enhancer of activated B cellsProGRPprogastrin‐releasing‐peptidePTXpaclitaxelRNAribonucleic acidROSreactive oxygen speciesRPMI‐1640growth medium used in cell cultureSASialic acidSeLPsSe‐functionalized liposomesSeNPselenium nanoparticlesiRNAsmall interfering RNATNF‐αtumor necrosis factor alpha

2.1 Introduction

      Nowadays, there is a growing interest in studies on various types of biological activity, toxicity, and usage of both nonorganic and organic forms of selenium. It seems clear that such high scientific interest exists because maintaining the physiological level of selenium in the body is vital. The main biological role of selenium involves being a cofactor unit of selenium‐containing enzymes (Dumitrescu and Refetoff 2011). It needs to be noted that those enzymes are among the main ones in the functioning of the redox system of the cell and, thus, all the basic parameters of cell vital functions depend on their activity (Huang et al. 2012). It is found that action of selenium‐dependent enzymes in tissues, deiodinase and glutathione peroxidase, directly depend on the selenium intake in the body (Villette et al. 1998).

      Naturally, selenium enters the human and animal body mainly in the form of selenium‐containing amino acids (Gammelgaard et al. 2011). At the same time, there are only a few reports available on biological activity of selenium in a nanosized form than on organic and nonorganic selenium compounds. Particularly, it is observed that red nanoselenium is less toxic and more biologically active than other nonorganic (Zhang et al. 2001; Sadeghian et al. 2012) and organic forms of selenium (Wang et al. 2007; Zhang et al. 2008).

      In Caco‐2 cell line model it is established that intracellular transport of selenium depends on its chemical form. The lowest speed was documented for sodium selenite while selenomethionine and nanoselenium did not differ for this indicator (Wang and Fu 2012). To date, there is no consensus about the effect of the size of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) on its biological activity. Thus, activation of selenium‐dependent enzyme systems in mouse liver and human hepatoma cell line HepG2 does not depend on the size of SeNPs (Zhang et al. 2004). Meanwhile, Peng et al. (2007) showed that smaller size SeNPs (36 nm) had more biological activity than bigger ones (90 nm) (Peng et al. 2007).

      Nowadays, different fields of application of selenium in nanoform are studied. A large number of studies are dedicated to the use of SeNPs for diagnosis and treatment of various