Mathematics for Enzyme Reaction Kinetics and Reactor Performance. F. Xavier Malcata

the European Union – in such key areas as food quality and safety, and food, agriculture (including fisheries), and biotechnology, respectively; Chief Executive Officer of the University/Industry Extension (nonprofit) Associations AESBUC in 1998–2008 and INTERVIR⁺ in 2006–2008; and Chief Executive Officer of the Entrepreneurial Biotechnological Support Associations CiDEB in 2005–2008 and INOVAR&CRESCER in 2006–2008.

      Over the years, the author has received several national and international public recognitions and awards, including: Cristiano P. Spratley Award by UP, in 1985; Centennial Award by UP, in 1986; election for membership in Phi Tau Sigma – honor society of food science (USA), in 1990; election for Sigma Xi – honor society of scientific and engineering research (USA), in 1990; election for Tau Beta Pi – honor society of engineering (USA), in 1991; Ralph H. Potts Memorial Award by American Oil Chemists’ Society (AOCS, USA), in 1991; election for New York Academy of Sciences (USA), in 1992; Foundation Scholar Award – dairy foods division by American Dairy Science Associaton (ADSA, USA), in 1998; decoration as Chevalier dans l’Ordre des Palmes Académiques by French Government, in 1999; Young Scientist Research Award by AOCS, in 2001; Canadian/International Constituency Investigator Award in Physical Sciences and Engineering by Sigma Xi, in 2002 and 2004; Excellence Promotion Award by Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (Portugal), in 2005; Danisco International Dairy Science Award by ADSA, in 2007; Edgar Cardoso Innovation Award by the Mayor of Gaia, in 2007; Scientist of the Year Award by European Federation of Food Science and Technology (Netherlands), in 2007; Samuel C. Prescott Award by Institute of Food Technologists (IFT, USA), in 2008; International Leadership Award by International Association of Food Protection (IAFP, USA), in 2008; election for Fellow by IFT, in 2011; Elmer Marth Educator Award by IAFP, in 2011; election for Fellow by International Academy of Food Science and Technology (IAFoST), in 2012; Distinguished Service Award by ADSA, in 2012; election for Fellow by ADSA, in 2013; J. Dairy Sci. Most Cited Paper Award by ADSA, in 2012; William V. Cruess Award for excellence in teaching by IFT, in 2014; and election for Fellow by AOCS, in 2014.

Among his many scientific interests, Prof. Malcata has focused his research chiefly on four major areas: theoretical simulation and optimization of enzyme reactors, theoretical optimization of thermodynamically and kinetically controlled processes, production and immobilization of oxidoreductases and hydrolases for industrial applications, and design and optimization of bioreactors to produce and process edible oils. In addition, he has developed work on: microbiological and biochemical characterization and technological improvement of traditional foods, development of nutraceutical ingredients and functional foods, rational application of unit operations to specific agri‐food processing, and design and development of novel photobioreactors for cultivation of microalgae, aimed at biofuel or high added‐value compound production. To date, he has published more than 400 papers in peer‐reviewed international journals that received more than 12000 official citations in all (without self-citations), corresponding to an h‐index of 54; he has supervised 30 Ph.D. dissertations successfully concluded; he has written 14 monographs and edited 5 multiauthored books; he has authored more than 50 chapters in edited books and 35 papers in trade journals, besides more than 50 technical publications. He was also a member of about 60 peer‐reviewing committees of research projects and fellowships; he has acted as supervisor of 90 individual fellowships, most at Ph.D. and postdoctoral levels, and collaborated in 60 research and development projects – of which he has served as principal investigator in 36; he has participated in 50 organizing/scientific committees of professional meetings; he has delivered 150⁺ invited lectures worldwide, besides almost 600 volunteer presentations in congresses and workshops; he has served in the editorial board of 5 major journals in the applied biotechnology, and food science and engineering areas; and he has reviewed several hundred manuscripts for journals and encyclopedia. He has been a longstanding member of American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Chemical Society, IFT, American Association for the Advancement of Science, AOCS, IAFP, and ADSA.

Series Preface

       Ad augusta per angusta.

      (Toward the top, through hard work)

      Comprehensive mathematical simulation – using mechanistic models as far as possible, constitutes an essential contribution to rationally characterize performance, as well as support design and drive optimization of any enzyme reactor. However, too often studies available in the literature – including text and reference books, deal with extensive modelling of chemical reactors that employ inorganic catalysts, or instead present extensive kinetic analysis of enzymes acting only (and implicitly) in batch apparatuses. Although constraining from an engineering perspective, this status quo is somewhat expected – because chemical engineers typically lack biochemical background, while biochemists miss engineering training. Meanwhile, rising environmental concerns and stricter legislation worldwide have urged the industry to resort to more sustainable, efficient, and cleaner processes – which tend to mimic natural (i.e. enzyme‐mediated) pathways; they generate essentially no polluting effluents or residues, require mild conditions of operation, and exhibit low‐energy requirements – while taking advantage of the extremely high activity and unique substrate selectivity of enzymes. The advent of genetic engineering has also dramatically contributed to drop the unit price, and enlarge the portfolio of enzymes available for industrial purposes, via overexpression in transformed microorganisms and development of sophisticated purification techniques; and advances in molecular engineering have further permitted specific features, in terms of performance and stability, be imparted to enzymes for tailored uses, besides overcoming their intrinsic susceptibility to decay.

An innovative approach is thus in order, where fundamental and applied aspects pertaining to enzyme reactors are comprehensively tackled – built upon mathematical simulation, and encompassing various ideal and nonideal configurations, presented and discussed in a consistent and pragmatic way. Enzyme Reactor Engineering pursues this goal, and accordingly conveys the most integrated and complete treatment of the subject of enzyme reactors to date; it will likely materialize a qualitative leap toward more effective strategies of describing, designing, and optimizing said reactors. More than a mere description of technology, true engineering aspects departing from first principles are put forward, and their rationale is systematically emphasized – with special attention paid to stepwise derivation of the underlying equations, so as to permit a self‐paced learning program by any student possessing elementary knowledge of algebra, calculus, and statistics. A careful selection of mathematical tools deemed useful for enzyme reactors is also provided in dedicated volumes, for the more inquisitive students and practitioners – in a straightforward, yet fully justified manner. Furthermore, appropriate examples, based (at least) on Michaelis and Menten’s enzymatic kinetics and first‐order enzyme decay, are worked out in full – for their being representative of industrial situations, while exhibiting a good compromise between practical applicability and mathematical simplicity. In this regard, the present book collection represents an unparalleled way of viewing enzyme reactors – clearly focused on the reactor component but prone to build an integrated picture, including mixture via momentum and mass transfer, and subsequent transformation via chemical reaction, with underlying enthalpic considerations as found necessary.

      In a word, Enzyme Reactor Engineering attempts to contribute to a thorough understanding of the engineering concepts behind enzyme reactors – framed by a rigorous mathematical and physically consistent approach, and based on mechanistic expressions describing physical phenomena and typical expressions for enzyme‐mediated kinetics and enzyme decay. It takes advantage of a multiplicity of mathematical derivations, but ends up with several useful formulae while highlighting general solutions; and covers from basic definitions and biochemical concepts, through ideal models of flow, eventually to models of actual reactor behavior – including interaction with physical separation and external control. The typical layout of each chapter accordingly includes: introductory considerations, which set the framework for each theme in terms of relevance; objective definition, which entails specific goals and usefulness of ensuing results; and mathematical stepwise development, interwoven with clear