Polyurethanes. Mark F. Sonnenschein

agents for copolymer hybridization of urethanes and acry...TABLE 13.2 Comparison of material performance attributes of polyurethanes and epo...TABLE 13.3 Property comparison (10 high to 0 low) of polyurethane, silicone, and ...

      12 Chapter 14TABLE 14.1 Reversion temperatures of commonly occurring polyurethane bondsTABLE 14.2 Comparison of properties of cold‐mold methylene diphenyl diisocyanate ...TABLE 14.3 Comparison of properties of a reaction injection molded (RIM) polyuret...

      List of Illustrations

      1 Chapter 1FIGURE 1.1 Percentage global consumption of plastics in 2018. Polyethylene e...FIGURE 1.2 Illustrative structures of high‐volume commodity polymers.FIGURE 1.3 The urethane unit within a polyurethane polymer chain.FIGURE 1.4 Chemical structures of isocyanate, polyester, and polyether. To m...FIGURE 1.5 Structures of urea, ester, amide, and urethane functionalities.FIGURE 1.6 Publication activity focused on commodity plastics for (a) 1954–2...FIGURE 1.7 Publication activity in polyurethane science by language from (a)...FIGURE 1.8 Types of publication (all languages) where the focus of the work ...FIGURE 1.9 Analysis of (a) patented polyurethane topics during 2013–2019 and...FIGURE 1.10 Percentage isocyanate plant capacity utilization. The triangle d...

      2 Chapter 2FIGURE 2.1 Relative volumes of polyols produced in 2017. Within the error of...FIGURE 2.2 Comparison of basic polyol structures.FIGURE 2.3 Building blocks for polyether polyol synthesis.FIGURE 2.4 Synthesis of butylene oxide via the chlorohydrin route.FIGURE 2.5 Synthesis of propylene oxide via the hydrogen peroxide (HPPO) pro...FIGURE 2.6 Volume of PO produced by the numerous routes available in 2018. C...FIGURE 2.7 Production of THF via dehydration of butanediol.FIGURE 2.8 Production of polypropylene oxide via base‐catalyzed ring‐opening...FIGURE 2.9 Possible pathways by which PO polymerization can traverse to prod...FIGURE 2.10 Mechanism for formation of unsaturation in polyether polyols. PE...FIGURE 2.11 The effect of monol on polyol functionality. The calculated actu...FIGURE 2.12 Proposed coordination–insertion mechanism for activity of DMC ca...FIGURE 2.13 Proposed acid–base coordination mechanism for activity of DMC ca...FIGURE 2.14 Difference in measured polyol functionality attained by KOH and ...FIGURE 2.15 Measured unsaturation levels by titration of three polyols for a...FIGURE 2.16 Simplified block diagram for a small polyol production of a glyc...FIGURE 2.17 Acid‐catalyzed polymerization of THF to make polytetramethylene ...FIGURE 2.18 Process for preparation of PTMEG by reaction of THF with acetic ...FIGURE 2.19 Simplified block diagram for production of PTMEG using the aceti...FIGURE 2.20 Cartoon representations of the types of comonomer organization a...FIGURE 2.21 Fractional consumption of polyester polyols in 2017. (a) USA; (b...FIGURE 2.22 Polymerization of polyesters via esterification reaction between...FIGURE 2.23 Accepted mechanism for coordination–insertion ring‐opening polym...FIGURE 2.24 (a) Melting point and enthalpy of melting of polyester polyols d...FIGURE 2.25 (a) Weight and (b) mole fraction distributions of oligomer sizes...FIGURE 2.26 Unit ratios for diacids or diesters used in preparation of aroma...FIGURE 2.27 Production of terephthalic acid and phthalic anhydride.FIGURE 2.28 Comparison of lowest energy conformations of aromatic polyester ...FIGURE 2.29 Preparation of polycarbonate polyols from phosgene (not recommen...FIGURE 2.30 Preparation of polycarbonate polyols using an elevated pressure ...FIGURE 2.31 Preparation of polycarbonate polyol using an alkoxylate.FIGURE 2.32 Polycarbonate polyols from alkoxylates and the structural variat...FIGURE 2.33 Example preparation of an acrylic polyol.FIGURE 2.34 Polymerization of SAN using azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as an ...FIGURE 2.35 Generation of a carbon‐centered radical on a propylene oxide pol...FIGURE 2.36 Examples of macromer structures.FIGURE 2.37 Scanning electron microscope image of SAN particles formed in co...FIGURE 2.38 Preparation of a PIPA polyol.FIGURE 2.39 Structure of fatty acid components of seed oils.FIGURE 2.40 Illustrative triglyceride structure showing oleic, stearic, and ...FIGURE 2.41 Oxidation of an illustrative triglyceride to the epoxidized form...FIGURE 2.42 Simplified ozonolysis of oleic acid. Other products are also pos...FIGURE 2.43 Procedure for formation of polymerizable ester alcohols from see...FIGURE 2.44 Illustrative procedure of olefin metathesis reactions and metath...FIGURE 2.45 General preparation of a TDI–polypropylene oxide prepolymer.FIGURE 2.46 The isocyanate function.FIGURE