Handbook of Plastics Testing and Failure Analysis. Vishu Shah

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HANDBOOK OF PLASTICS TESTING AND FAILURE ANALYSIS

       FOURTH EDITION

      VISHU SHAH

      Consultek

      Diamond Bar, California

      This edition first published 2021

      © 2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

      Edition History John Wiley & Sons (1e, 1984) John Wiley & Sons (2e, 1998) John Wiley & Sons (3e, 2007)

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      The right of Vishu Shah to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with law.

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      Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to the use of experimental reagents, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each chemical, piece of equipment, reagent, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.

       Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data

      Names: Shah, Vishu, 1951– author.

      Title: Handbook of plastics testing and failure analysis / Vishu Shah, Consultek, Diamond Bar, California.

      Other titles: Handbook of plastics testing technology

      Description: Fourth edition. | Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2020. | Revision of: Handbook of plastics testing technology. 1998. | Includes bibliographical references and index.

      Identifiers: LCCN 2020024751 (print) | LCCN 2020024752 (ebook) | ISBN 9781118717110 (hardback) | ISBN 9781118943625 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781118943632 (epub)

      Subjects: LCSH: Plastics–Testing–Handbooks, manuals, etc.

      Classification: LCC TA455.P5 S457 2020 (print) | LCC TA455.P5 (ebook) | DDC 620.1/9230287–dc23

      LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020024751 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020024752

      Cover Design: Wiley

      Cover Image: cover photograph courtesy of Instron

PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION

      Plastics testing technology, like all other evolving technologies, is dynamic in its principle. Even the well‐established tests get continual refinement. The advent of computers, robotics, and other advanced manufacturing technologies has contributed to the simplicity, accuracy, automation, and speed of testing. A lot has evolved since the third edition. Notable and dramatic changes have taken place in test equipment. They are in response to the demand from the material suppliers, compounders, processors, manufacturers, and end‐users. The explosive growth of the plastics industry has left a void in terms of recruiting trained technicians to conduct the tests in a meaningful way. The equipment suppliers have developed comprehensive technology that includes more sophisticated equipment that is capable of performing tests without much intervention and also analyze the data and present results in an easy‐to‐interpret format.

      Accordingly, the fourth edition seeks to update the chapters in line with the latest developments that include the revisions to the testing procedures, photographs showing the newer version of commercially available equipment, useful data, and references. The appendix section has been revised extensively. The evolution of science and technology‐based search engines has made finding the listing of standards and comparing property values relatively more straightforward, thus eliminating the need for the printed version. Appendix pointing the readers to information sources on the web along with the Links to Recommended open source for quick learning is added.

      Included with the third edition was a DVD containing numerous color photographs, depicting photoelastic analysis, color theory, and animations along with a virtual tour of the plastics testing laboratory. This has been moved to online access with the latest revisions. In line with the primary objective of this book of providing a hands‐on reference for the novice and professionals, a new feature is added. The readers will have access to the supplementary website containing color photographs, animations, videos, and a problem‐solution manual.

Once again, I wish to express thanks to all the users of previous editions for their constructive comments and helpful suggestions for changes and improvements for the next edition and to those who helped with this revision. In particular, I wish to thank Rich Goshgarian, Francesca Pinto of Instron Corporation, Al Zielnik of Atlas Material Testing, Jim Galipeau of Intertek, Mike Bradley of Thermo Fisher Scientific, Joel Feingold and Tim Wilson of Strainoptics, Inc., Patrick Burke of Jordi Labs, and Sandra Weixel of BYK‐Gardner. Many thanks to Dr. Todd Menna of Element Materials Technology for his invaluable contribution and all other companies for providing numerous illustrations and diagrams. Lastly, I would like to thank the publisher and the staff, especially Jonathan Rose and Aruna Pragasam, for guiding me and patiently waiting for me to complete the revision, which took much longer than anticipated.

      I would be remiss if I did not by all rights thank my caring, loving, and supportive wife Charlene, my lovely daughter