Schema Therapy for Borderline Personality Disorder. Hannie van Genderen

In this way the patient can discover links between her present problems and her schema modes or between her past and her schema modes (See ST step by step 1.03) If the patient is unable to imagine unpleasant events from the past, the therapist can also suggest an imagery with her father and/or mother. The instruction is that it doesn't have to be an uncomfortable situation but can be a neutral or typical situation. Usually this imagery can also give relevant information for the case conceptualization.

       Case conceptualization

      Together the therapist and patient create a case conceptualization based upon the mode model (see Chapter 2). The different modes are described to the patient in terms she can understand and identify with (see Figure 3.1). They link the different modes with relevant experiences from the past and current complaints (see ST step by step 1.04 and 1.05)

      It is recommended to link the relevant schemas to each mode in order to understand which schemas are triggered when a mode is active. Especially when the abandoned/ abused child is triggered it is relevant to know that in patient X the mistrust/abuse schema is most prominent and in patient Y defectiveness/shame is the central issue. This gives the therapist extra information about the content of the limited reparenting.

      It is important that the most important problems and BPD‐traits of the patient can be understood as manifestations of the modes. There is no one‐to‐one relationship of specific BPD symptoms to modes. The therapist and the patient should collaborate in finding out what the function of the symptom is, before the symptom can be linked to a mode. For instance, self‐injury or a suicide attempt can have different functions, for example:

       to punish oneself for a certain behavior or for having an emotional need (then it is a manifestation of the punitive parent mode)

       to distract from emotional pain (then it is a manifestation of the detached protector mode)

       to signal despair and alarm others that they should take care of the patient—a cry for help (then it is manifestation of the abandoned/abused child mode)

       to make others feel guilty about how they treated the patient—as an act of revenge (then it is a manifestation of the angry child mode).

      Even in the same patient, the same symptom may have different functions, depending on the triggers and the context, and should therefore be linked to different modes. Apart from symptoms and other problems having a function, symptoms and problems can also be consequences. For example, a low mood may be the consequence of being so often in the detached protector mode that there are too few positive experiences in the patient's life, in which case the low mood should be connected to the detached protector mode.

BPD patients usually have many problems and symptoms, therefore the therapist should not strive for completeness. It suffices to place the most important problems and symptoms in the mode model, keeping the problems that the patient experiences as most debilitating in mind.

The therapist creates a mode model together with Nora, with names for the modes that best suit the patient's experience, (Figure 3.1). They gradually expand this model with the relevant schemas and the elements from her childhood that are the cause of the problems (Figure 3.2).

       Explaining the treatment rationale

Once a diagnosis of BPD has been established, the therapist begins to explain the rationale behind the therapy by means of the BPD model and its modes (see ST step by step 1.06). He explains how the patient's current problems are connected to schemas and modes. He further explains how each schema mode brings along with its certain feelings, thoughts, and behaviors (see Appendix A: ST for patients). For a more in‐depth explanation, the patient can refer to a number of relevant chapters in Breaking Negative Thinking Patterns (Jacob, van Genderen, & Seebauer, 2015) or Reinventing Your Life (Young & Klosko, 1994).

Figure 3.2 Mode model with schemas and historical roots Nora

      Most BPD patients find the experience of learning about the borderline model enlightening. It offers a clear explanation as to why they experience sudden mood swings and have so little control over their behavior (see Chapter 9, “A Simultaneous Chess Play in a Pinball Machine”). It also offers them the hope that change is possible and that they are not doomed to a life filled with uncontrolled behavior and mood swings.

      If the patient finds that this model is not appropriate to her situation, there are usually three possibilities: one is that the individual simply does not have BPD. The second one is that important modes are overlooked, in which case these have to be added to the patient's mode conceptualization. The last possibility is that despite the person having BPD, there is also a very strong protector mode at work. Because of this protector, everything the therapist says is considered to be dubious and unreliable. A variant of this is when the patient recognizes parts of the model, but denies other parts, for example, the punitive parent mode, as acknowledging that mode is yet too frightening. If the latter is the case, the therapist must take more time in building a trusting relationship with the patient and not dwell upon attempting to convince the patient of the schema model.

       Crisis management

      Crisis management can be skipped when there is no crisis present at the beginning of the therapy. However, for BPD patients it is recommended to make a crisis management plan together with the patient and to relate this to the modes. Different modes can be active in different crises and might need different actions.

      The (short‐term) risks of a crisis should be discussed with the patient. The actual handling of a crisis is returned to later in the therapy in case it occurs. Should a crisis be present, it indeed requires the highest attention (see Chapter 8, “Crisis”).

       Treatment phase: therapeutic interventions with schema modes

This is the central phase of therapy and has a duration of about a year (see Chapters 5–10). The general goals of this stage are

       Learn to recognize when one of the modes is active

       Reassure, and gradually replace, the Detached Protector

       Empathize with and protect the Abandoned/Abused Child, to help the Abandoned/Abused Child to receive love, and to help this mode to emotionally process the memories of abuse, neglect, and abandonment

       Fight against, and expunge, the Punitive Parent

       Re‐channel the Angry and Impulsive Child to express emotions and needs appropriately and reaffirm child's basic rights

       Encourage the Happy Child to spend more time on enjoyable things

       Help patient to incorporate the Healthy Adult mode, modeled after the therapist

      The first phase of therapy aims at teaching patients to recognize their modes. One can also teach the patient to recognize her modes by a “mode guessing game” (see ST step by step 1.07). The therapist explains that he will