Bangladesh Financial Sector. Syed Ali-Mumtaz H. Shah

      

      BANGLADESH

      FINANCIAL SECTOR

       AN AGENDA FOR FURTHER REFORMS

      Syed Ali-Mumtaz H. Shah

       Asian Development Bank

      © 2009 Asian Development Bank

      All rights reserved. Published 2008.

      Printed in the Philippines.

      ISBN 978-971-561-796-3

      Publication Stock No.RPT090254

      Cataloging-In-Publication Data

      Syed Ali-Mumtaz H. Shah

      Bangladesh financial sector: an agenda for further reforms

      Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Asian Development Bank, 2009.

      1. Finance sector 2. Bangladesh I. Asian Development Bank.

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      Currency Equivalents

      (as of 6 February 2009)

Currency Unit	–	taka (Tk)
Tk1.00	=	$0.014
$1.00	=	Tk68.940

      Abbreviations

ADB	–	Asian Development Bank
CBSF	–	Credit, Bridge and Standby Facility
CSE	–	Chittagong Stock Exchange
DFI	–	development finance institution
DFID	–	Department for International Development of the United Kingdom
DSE	–	Dhaka Stock Exchange
FIRST	–	Financial Sector Reform and Strengthening Initiative
GDP	–	gross domestic product
ICB	–	Investment Corporation of Bangladesh
IFC	–	International Finance Corporation
IMF	–	International Monetary Fund
IPO	–	initial public offering
NBFI	–	nonbank financial institution
NGO	–	nongovernment organization
NPL	–	nonperforming loan
OCCI	–	Office of the Chief Controller of Insurance
PCB	–	private commercial bank
SCB	–	state-owned commercial bank
SEC	–	Securities and Exchange Commission
SMEs	–	small and medium-sized enterprises
SOE	–	state-owned enterprise
UNDP	–	United Nations Development Programme

       NOTES

      (i)The fiscal year (FY) of the government ends on 30 June. FY before a calendar year denotes the year in which the fiscal year ends, e.g., FY2007 ends on 30 June 2007.

      (ii)In this report, “$” refers to US dollars.

      Introduction

      The economy of Bangladesh has been growing steadily. Real gross domestic product (GDP) grew at an average rate of 5.8% per annum during 2000–2009, compared with 5.5% in 1995–2009. The GDP annual growth rate reached 5.9% in FY2009, down from 6.2% in FY2008. The deep and prolonged recession in the United States and Europe from the 2008 financial crisis adversely affected GDP growth in FY2009 (see discussion under Macroeconomics Environment).¹ From 1991 to 2005, the national poverty incidence fell from 59% to 40%. Efforts to overcome poverty face numerous constraints, including the urgent need for strong law and order, good infrastructure, sound and efficient financial markets, high-quality social services that are accessible and affordable, and an enabling environment for private sector development.

      The government’s National Poverty Reduction Strategy² reaffirms that poverty reduction and accelerating the pace of social development are Bangladesh’s most important long-term strategic goals. The development of the financial sector is critical for meeting the twin goals of economic growth and poverty reduction since the financial sector mobilizes resources and allocates them to those investments that are capable of generating the highest return on capital. The better the financial sector can fulfill this role, the better the economy will perform in the long run. Financial sector development can benefit the poor by: (i) promoting overall economic growth, which in turn leads to improved income levels overall, and (ii) reducing the risk of financial crises, whose adjustment costs are most felt by the poor improving access of the poor to financial services.

      In recognition of the strategic importance of the financial sector in reducing poverty, the Financial Sector Strategy study for Bangladesh has been prepared to take stock of and map the required initiatives over the medium to long term. The study will guide future operations of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) in this sector in the context of the overarching poverty reduction objective of the government and ADB. The study provides an assessment of how the financial sector can help create a better environment for growth, employment, and investment and help reduce poverty. It also takes into account the political realities and identifies reforms and measures that have not yet been addressed.

      Macroeconomic Environment

      Rapid economic growth has underpinned poverty reduction efforts. Real annual GDP growth averaged 5.8% during 2000–2009, up from 4.8% in the 1990s and 3.5% in the 1980s. The poor have benefited from economic growth as rural and urban poverty have declined. The stable macroeconomic environment and measures taken to open up the economy resulted in annual export growth of 17% in the 3 years up to FY2008, and substantial employment generation, especially in ready-made garments. Bangladesh’s economy exhibited resilience in the face of the global economic downturn as GDP grew by 5.9% in FY2009. The GDP growth rate in FY2009 revealed moderation in aggregate demand due to a slowdown in exports and remittance inflows and also underpinned by private consumption (about 75% of GDP) which rose by 6%. Exports rose by 10.3% in FY2009 despite the global