Banned in Berlin. Gary D. Stark

One leading authority estimated in 1896 there were approximately six hundred theaters in Germany. (Adolph L'Arronge, Deutsches Theater und deutsche Schauspielkunst [Berlin, 1896], 24); another estimate on the eve of the war claimed over 460 (Eugen Schöndienst, Geschichte des deutschen Bühnenvereins. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Theaters 1846–1935 [Frankfurt, 1979], 229).

      5. Bernhard Kellermann, “Der Schriftsteller und die deutsche Republik,” in An alle Künstler! (Berlin, 1919), reprinted in Weimarer Republik. Manifeste and Dokumente zur deutschen Literatur 1918–1933, ed. Anton Kaes (Stuttgart, 1983), 30–31.

      6. For brief overviews of the historiography of imperial Germany see Roger Chickering, “The Quest for a Usable German Empire,” in Imperial Germany: A Historiographical Companion, ed. Roger Chickering (Westport, CT, 1996), 1–12 and James Retallack, Germany in the Age of Kaiser Wilhelm II (New York, 1996), 1–15 (quote from 42).

      7. Volker R. Berghahn, Imperial Germany, 1871–1914: Economy, Society, Culture and Politics (Providence, RI and Oxford, 1994), 123.

      8. Johannes Penzler, ed., Die Reden Kaiser Wilhelms II. in den Jahren 1901—Ende 1905 (Leipzig, 1907), 60–62. My translation is based on that in Gerhard Masur, Imperial Berlin (Devon, UK, 1973), 211 and Peter Paret, The Berlin Secession: Modernism and its Enemies in Imperial Germany (Cambridge, MA, 1980), 25, 26–27. For similar statements see his speeches of 2 May 1896 to the Berlin Kunstakademie, 16 Jun. 1898 to the personnel of the Königliche Schauspielhaus, 25 Jan. 1902 to the Berliner Kunstgewerbemuseum and 2 Nov. 1902 to the Hochschulen der bildenen Künste und für Musik, as well as Paul J. Seidel, ed., Der Kaiser und die Kunst (Berlin, 1907), 14–16.

      9. Hans von Hülsen, “Der Kaiser und das Theater,” Die Tat 5, Heft 6 (Sept. 1913): 588; Paret, Berlin Secession, 162; Gerhard Schulz, “Naturalismus und Zensur,” in Naturalismus. Bürgerliche Dichtung und soziales Engagement, ed. Helmut Scheuer (Stuttgart, 1974), 109.

      10. Arno J. Mayer, The Persistence of the Old Regime: Europe to the Great War (New York, 1981), 190; Roy Pascal, From Naturalism to Expressionism: German Literature and Society, 1880–1918 (London, 1973), 256, 261; Edgar Feuchtwanger, Imperial Germany 1850–1918 (London and New York, 2001), 128.

      11. Jack. R. Dukes and Joachim Remak, eds., Another Germany: A Reconsideration of the Imperial Era (Boulder, CO, 1988), 210; Peter Jelavich, “Literature and the Arts,” in Chickering, Imperial Germany, 400; Wolfgang Mommsen, Bürgerliche Kultur und künstlerische Avantgarde. Kultur und Politik im deutschen Kaiserreich 1870 bis 1918 (Frankfurt, 1994), 45–46.

      12. Felix Gilbert and David Clay Large, The End of the European Era: 1890 to the Present, 5th edition (New York, 2002), 79.

      13. Ulla Otto, Die literarische Zensur als Problem der Soziologie der Politik (Stuttgart, 1968) and “Zensur—Schutz der Unmündigen oder Instrument der Herrschaft?” Publizistik 13 (1968): 5–15; Hans Norbert Fügen, “Zensur als negativ wirkende Institution,” in Lesen—Ein Handbuch, ed. Alfred C. Baumgärtner (Hamburg, 1974), 623–42; Dieter Breuer, Geschichte der literarischen Zensur in Deutschland (Heidelberg, 1982), 9–22; Klaus Kanzog, “Zensur, literarische,” in Reallexikon der deutschen Literaturgeschichte, 2. Aufl., ed. W. Kohlschmidt, et al., Band IV, ed. K. Kanzog and A. Masser (Berlin, 1984), 998–1049; Annabel Patterson, Censorship and Interpretation: The Conditions of Writing and Reading in Early Modern England (Madison, WI, 1984); Reinhard Aulich, “Elemente einer funtionalen Differenzierung der literarischen Zensur. Überlegungen zur Form and Wirksamkeit von Zensur als einer intentional adäquaten Reaktion gegenüber literarischer Kommunikation,” in “Unmoralisch an sich…” Zensur im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert, ed. Herbert G. Göpfert and Erdmann Weyrauch (Wiesbaden, 1988), 177–230. On the evolution of traditional censorship research through the late 1980s, see Dieter Breuer, “Stand und Aufgaben der Zensurforschung,” in “Unmoralisch an sich…”, 37–60 and Kanzog, “Textkritische Probleme der literarischen Zensur. Zukünftige Aufgaben einer literaturwissenschaftlichen Zensurforschung,” ibid., 309–31.

      14. Annette Kuhn, Cinema, Censorship and Sexuality, 1909–1925 (London and New York, 1988); Sue Curry Jansen, Censorship: The Knot That Binds Power and Knowledge (New York, 1988) and “The Censor's New Clothes: Censorship in Liberal Societies,” in Patterns of Censorship Around the World, ed. Ilan Peleg (Boulder, CO, 1993), 189–202; Richard Burt, ed., The Administration of Aesthetics: Censorship, Political Criticism and the Public Sphere (Minneapolis, 1994); Michael Holmquist, “Corrupt Originals: The Paradox of Censorship,” PMLA 109, no. 1 (1994): 14–25; Michael Levine, Writing Through Repression (Baltimore, 1995); Robert C. Post, ed., Censorship and Silencing: Practices of Cultural Regulation (Los Angeles, 1998); Beate Müller, ed., Censorship and Cultural Regulation in the Modern Age (Amsterdam and New York, 2004). Two overviews of recent censorship research are Beate Müller, “Censorship and Cultural Regulation: Mapping the Territory,” in Censorship and Cultural Regulation, 1–31; and Helen Freshwater, “Towards a Redefinition of Censorship,” ibid., 225–45.

      15. Derek Jones, ed., Censorship: A World Encyclopedia, 4 vols. (London and Chicago, 2001) (quotation from “Editor's Note,” 1:xii).

      16. Melvin Berger, Censorship (New York, 1982), 1; Jansen, “Censor's New Clothes,” 192–93; Michael Kienzle and Dirk Mende, eds., Zensur in der BRD. Fakten und Analysen (Munich, 1980); Frederick Schauer, “The Ontology of Censorship,” in Post, Censorship and Silencing, 162.

      17. Peter Dittmar, Lob der Zensur. Verwirrung der Begriffe, Verwirrung der Geister (Cologne, 1987), 183–84.

      18. Eberhard Ultra, in Johann Nestroy's Freiheit in Krähwinkel (1849), Act I, scene 14 (Johann Nestroy, Komödien, 3 vols., ed. Franz H. Mautner [Frankfurt, 1970], 3:47).

      19. Heinrich H. Houben, Hier Zensur—Wer dort? (Leipzig, 1918), 3; Freshwater, “Towards a Redefinition,” 237.

      20. Breuer, “Stand und Aufgaben,” 59–60.

      21. Freshwater, “Towards a Redefinition,” 225, 240–42.

      22. Michael Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, trans. Alan Sheridan (New York, 1977).

      23. Henryk M. Broder, ed., Die Schere im Kopf. Über Zensur und Selbstzensur (Cologne, 1976).

      24. Eli Oboler, The Fear of the Word: Censorship and Sex (Metuchen, NJ, 1974), 138; George R. Scott, “Into Whose Hands”: An Examination of Obscene Libel in its Legal, Sociological, and Literary Aspects (London, 1945), 180.

      25. Kienzle and Mende, Zensur in BRD, 231; Walter Bückmann, ed., Kunst vor dem Richter (Frankfurt, 1964), 102; Valery as quoted in Jascha Kessler, “The Censorship of Art and the Art of Censorship,” The Literary Review 12, no. 4 (Summer 1969): 421.

      26. Quoted in Pascal, From Naturalism to Expressionism, 257.

      27. Jack P. Gibbs, Norms, Deviance, and Social Control: Conceptual Matters (New York, 1981), 4.

      28. Breuer, Geschichte der literarischen Zensur, 12–17, 201.

      29. Otto, Die literarische Zensur, 19, 67–112, 129, 137–47, and “Zensur.” See also Dieter Richter, “Literaturfreiheit und Zensur,” Buch und Bibliothek 31, H. 4 (Apr. 1979): 323–30, and Sue Curry Jansens work.

      30. Ödön von Horváth, “Zensur und Proletariat,” in Gesammelte Werke, 8 vols., ed. Traugott Krischke and Dieter Hildebrandt (Frankfurt, 1972), 3:667.

      31. Oboler, Fear of the Word, 239.

      32. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Wilhelm Meisters Wanderjarhe, quoted in Breuer, Geschichte der literarischen Zensur, 145–46.

      33. Otto, Die literarische Zensur, 46, 71, and “Zensur,” 11.

      34. Jansen, Censorship,