The Handy Psychology Answer Book. Lisa J. Cohen

College: p. 140.

      Ortsmuseum Zollikon: p. 47.

      Shutterstock: pp. 35, 48, 54, 57, 60 64, 67, 71, 73, 75, 77, 92, 94, 100, 105, 106, 107, 116, 120, 123, 135, 137, 141, 154, 159, 165, 171, 177, 179, 180, 191, 193, 197, 201, 203, 207, 210, 216, 231, 246, 248, 252, 255, 259, 261, 264, 266, 273, 276, 282, 286, 294, 300, 302, 311, 318, 319, 321, 327, 330, 337, 340, 343, 351, 352, 359, 363, 375, 383, 401, 405, 409, 412, 417, 420, 423, 426, 437, 439, 442, 446, 451, 457, 467, 470, 473, 476, 483, 486.

      Silly Rabbit (Wikipedia): p. 25.

      U.S. Department of Justice: p. 347.

      Web Gallery of Art: p. 6.

      Wellcome Trust: p. 16.

      Weltrundschau zu Reclams Universum: p. 4.

      The Yorck Project: p. 379.

      Public domain: pp. 9, 17 (bottom), 20, 23, 27, 32, 37, 83, 109, 280, 398, 454.

      Introduction

      Ever since I was a child I have been deeply intrigued by the complex drama of the human mind. To me nothing could be more mysterious, more compelling, or more deeply relevant to every aspect of our lives. While artists and poets have long explored the nature of our subjective experience, the scientific study of the human mind lies solely within the field of Psychology. Hence, it was a natural choice for me to become a psychologist. And decades later psychology has lost none of its fascination for me. In this book, I hope to share something of what makes psychology so important and so utterly fascinating to me.

      Psychology is ultimately the foundation of all human endeavor. Why do we think, feel, and act the way we do? Why do we love, hate, eat, work, or dance the way we do? How does our three-pound brain produce the incredible intricacies of human behavior? How much of our psychology is due to genes and how much to our environment? These questions are addressed every day in thousands of laboratories and consulting rooms across the country and the world. And the answers to such age-old questions are closer at hand than at any point in history. While I do not believe we will ever fully understand the extraordinary mystery of the human mind, we certainly can learn—and have learned—a tremendous amount about our mental processes. Moreover, such discoveries have helped reduce the suffering and improve the lives of millions of people.

      Interestingly, the major players in the field of psychology used to be far better known to the general public. Fifty years ago, the average person on the street was more likely to be familiar with the likes of Sigmund Freud, B. F. Skinner, or Jean Piaget. There was a widespread appreciation of the importance of the field of psychology and its relevance to everyday life. In contemporary times, there is far less general awareness of the contributors to the field of psychology. Perhaps psychology—that is, the scientific discipline of psychology—has been a victim of its own success. Certainly, talk shows and magazines are filled with psychological topics. Dr. Phil, Dr. Laura, and Dr. Joyce Brothers remain household names. But I would suggest that the entertainment value of popular psychology has overtaken the appreciation of serious science.

      Meanwhile, psychology is flourishing within the walls of academia. Psychology remains an incredibly popular major in college and graduate school, and the seriousness of the field has overtaken its inherent entertainment value. Thus, psychology has split into two vectors: popular psychology, which is entertaining but not rigorous, and academic psychology, which is serious but not easily accessible to the non-specialist. This book is intended to find a middle ground, to provide a rigorous and scientifically grounded book that is nonetheless accessible and engaging to the general public.

      The first section of this book gives an overview of the fundamentals of psychology. We cover the history and pioneers of psychology, the major theoretical movements, the science of psychology, the brain and its relationship to behavior, and psychological development across the lifespan. These are the areas traditionally covered in textbooks. In the second half of the book we address how the scientific methods of psychology have been applied to questions of everyday life. Here we see how the science of psychology has immediate relevance to a broad spectrum of human activities. What can psychology tell us about love, marriage, family, and sexuality? What can psychology tell us about happiness or our relationship with money? Chapter 8 explores the psychology of the group and how group dynamics play out in the workplace, the public sphere, and in the problems of prejudice and racism. Chapters 9 through 11 look at abnormal psychology. Chapter 9 addresses clinical psychology, covering such topics as psychopathology, psychiatric diagnosis, psychotherapy, and psychiatric medication. Chapter 10 looks at the psychology of trauma, and Chapter 11 at forensic psychology, where psychology intersects with the law.

      CHANGES IN THE SECOND EDITION

      To keep up with the ever-changing field of psychology and to improve on limitations in the first edition, we have made extensive revisions in the second edition, with numerous sections updated, revised, and/or added. Although there are changes throughout the book, I will list some of the larger revisions here. In Chapter 2, we have expanded the section on neurobiological theories and research technology. The topic of brain and behavior is now covered in two chapters (Chapters 3 and 4), with more information on paleontology, early hominins, and Neanderthals. There are also new sections on emotions in animals and on cutting edge research on the neurobiology of emotions. Further, we’ve added more photographs and graphic images to help readers visualize the relevant sections of the brain. In Chapter 5, there are new sections on the relationship between adolescents and modern technology. In Chapter 6, the sections on sexuality, marriage, and family have been updated and expanded. Likewise, Chapter 7 has updated and expanded sections on happiness and optimism. Chapter 9 has updated sections on psychiatric diagnosis related to the publication of DSM-5. There are also new sections on autism and ADHD. Chapter 11 has a new section on cognition and the law, addressing how our inherent cognitive biases and emotional reactions can impede the smooth functioning of law enforcement.

      HOW TO USE THIS BOOK

      As part of the “Handy Answer Book” series, this book is structured in a question-and-answer format. Approximately 1,300 questions are answered with concise, one- to two-paragraph answers. Our goal is to break down complex topics into bite-size ideas. While the questions were carefully selected to create a narrative flow, this is also the kind of book that you can open at any point and browse. If you want, you can read the book from cover to cover, but you can also flip through to find questions of special interest to you.

      Although we want the reader to feel free to jump around, the nature of science is that it is cumulative. In other words, the most recent developments rest upon the shoulders of earlier work. Because of this, the sections in the second half of the book will sometimes refer to topics and people introduced in the first half of the book. If readers run across an unfamiliar idea, person, or issue, they can look the topic up in the index, which will then point them to other areas in the book where the issue is discussed.

      I have applied the same scientific standards when writing this book that I use when writing scientific articles for professional journals and have worked hard to only include conclusions that are supported by solid scientific references, preferably multiple references. In professional papers, sources are cited in the middle of the text, right where you are referencing them. While this practice is necessary