Stalin: History in an Hour. Rupert Colley

>

      STALIN

      History in an Hour

      Rupert Colley

About History in an Hour

      History in an Hour is a series of ebooks to help the reader learn the basic facts of a given subject area. Everything you need to know is presented in a straightforward narrative and in chronological order. No embedded links to divert your attention, nor a daunting book of 600 pages with a 35-page introduction. Just straight in, to the point, sixty minutes, done. Then, having absorbed the basics, you may feel inspired to explore further.

      Give yourself sixty minutes and see what you can learn …

      To find out more visit http://historyinanhour.com or follow us on Twitter: http://twitter.com/historyinanhour

      Contents

       Title Page

About History in an Hour

Introduction

The Young Stalin

Stalin the Revolutionary

Revolutions and Civil War

Stalin, Lenin and Trotsky

       Collectivisation

       Five-Year Plans and the Congress of Victors

       Kirov and the Great Terror

       Yezhovshchina

       Stalin’s War

       The Last Years

       Stalin’s Historiography

       Stalin the Man

       De-Stalinisation

       Appendix 1: Key Players

       Appendix 2: Stalin Timeline

       Copyright

      Got Another Hour?

      About the Publisher

       Note on dates

      Until January 1918, Russia used the Old-Style Julian Calendar that before 1900 was 12 days behind our Gregorian calendar, and after 1900, 13 days behind. This text uses the New Style throughout.

Introduction

      It is said that no person in history had such a direct impact on the lives of so many as Joseph Stalin had during his lifetime. That impact was, almost without exception, ultimately negative. In Hitler’s Germany, by comparison, if you were not one of the persecuted groups and tacitly supported the regime you were generally safe. In Stalin’s Soviet Union, his Terror knew no limits, it did not discriminate: no one was safe, no institution, no single town or village was immune. Yet, following his death in 1953, Stalin was deeply mourned.

      In Russia today, he is still admired by many. A 2008 Russian-wide poll put Stalin as the third most revered figure in its history (amidst suspicion that the vote had been rigged to deprive him of being first). Stalin had ‘received the country with a wooden plough, and left it with a nuclear missile shield’. No one else, it could be argued, could have led the Soviet Union to victory in the Second World War. Of Stalin’s role during the war, Vladimir Putin has said, ‘Whatever anyone may say, victory was achieved.’

      So, who was Joseph Stalin and what was his role during the Russian Revolution? How did he come to power, what made him such a destructive tyrant, and how did he impose his will on the Soviet Union for so long?

      This, in an hour, is the story of Joseph Stalin.

The Young Stalin

      Joseph Stalin suffered many complexes about himself. As a child he endured a bout of smallpox which left his face permanently pockmarked; a childhood accident caused his left arm to be four inches shorter than the right; his second and third toes of his left foot were joined; he had bad teeth from his many years in exile (‘black, irregular and turned inward’ by one description); and, most damning for such a towering figure, he was only five feet and three inches tall. Specially-made shoes gave him an extra inch or two but his height, or lack of it, remained a constant source of irritation.

      Stalin was born Joseph Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili in the small Georgian town of Gori, Georgia at the time being part of the Imperial Russian Empire, an empire constrained by feudalism and ruled by the autocratic and unpopular Romanov dynasty. His date of birth was the 18 December 1878 but for reasons that remain a mystery, Stalin always maintained he was born on 21 December 1879 and it is this date that was celebrated throughout his life.

      Stalin’s father, Vissarion Dzhugashvili, known as Basu, was a shoemaker. An alcoholic, he spent much of his time in Tiflis (now Tbilisi, the Georgian capital, 50 miles east of Gori) producing shoes for the Russian army. On his drunken and increasingly rare appearances at home, he would beat his wife and son. Stalin’s mother, Ekaterina, or ‘Keke’, also meted out punishment on her son but generally was protective of her ‘Soso’ (Georgian for ‘Little Joey’), especially as her first two children, both boys, had died in infancy. Stalin only learnt to speak Russian when aged about nine and he never lost his strong Georgian accent.

      Stalin aged 15, 1894

      Stalin was brought up in an atmosphere of violence. Gori was a rough town, in which its male inhabitants enjoyed organized street brawling, lasting for hours at a time. On 13 February 1892, Stalin, alongside his schoolmates, witnessed the public hanging of two criminals. The executions were botched and Stalin, traumatised, came away with a new-found hatred of the tsarist regime.

      Stalin’s mother, determined that he should have a respectable position in life and to repay God’s benevolence for his survival, sent him to a church school. Young Soso did well. He sang in the church choir and impressed his teachers with his intelligence and, in memorising large tracts of the bible, his excellent memory. Earning top marks, he graduated two years ahead of schedule in 1894. At the age of fifteen, Stalin was awarded a scholarship to the theology seminary in Tiflis. But the teenage Stalin was more taken with the writings of Marx