England's Antiphon. George MacDonald

offers her throat to her husband, praying him to strangle her:

        Now stumble we on stalk and stone;

        My wit away from me is gone;

          Writhe on to my neck-bone

            With hardness of thine hand.

      Adam replies—not over politely—

      Wife, thy wit is not worth a rush;

      and goes on to make what excuse for themselves he can in a very simple and touching manner:

        Our hap was hard, our wit was nesche, soft, weak, still in use in

          To Paradise when we were brought: [some provinces.

        My weeping shall be long fresh;

          Short liking shall be long bought. pleasure.

      The scene ends with these words from Eve:

        Alas, that ever we wrought this sin!

        Our bodily sustenance for to win,

        Ye must delve and I shall spin,

          In care to lead our life.

      Cain and Abel follows; then Noah's Flood, in which God says,

      They shall not dread the flood's flow;

      then Abraham's Sacrifice; then Moses and the Two Tables; then The Prophets, each of whom prophesies of the coming Saviour; after which we find ourselves in the Apocryphal Gospels, in the midst of much nonsense about Anna and Joachim, the parents of Mary, about Joseph and Mary and the birth of Jesus, till we arrive at The Shepherds and The Magi, The Purification, The Slaughter of the Innocents, The Disputing in the Temple, The Baptism, The Temptation, and The Woman taken in Adultery, at which point I pause for the sake of the remarkable tradition embodied in the scene—that each of the woman's accusers thought Jesus was writing his individual sins on the ground. While he is writing the second time, the Pharisee, the Accuser, and the Scribe, who have chiefly sustained the dialogue hitherto, separate, each going into a different part of the Temple, and soliloquize thus:

        Pharisee. Alas! alas! I am ashamed!

          I am afeared that I shall die;

        All my sins even properly named

          Yon prophet did write before mine eye.

        If that my fellows that did espy,

          They will tell it both far and wide;

        My sinful living if they outcry,

          I wot not where my head to hide.

        Accuser. Alas! for sorrow mine heart doth bleed,

          All my sins yon man did write;

        If that my fellows to them took heed,

          I cannot me from death acquite.

        I would I were hid somewhere out of sight,

          That men should me nowhere see nor know;

        If I be taken I am aflyght afraid.

          In mekyl shame I shall be throwe. much.

        Scribe. Alas the time that this betyd! happened.

          Right bitter care doth me embrace.

        All my sins be now unhid,

          Yon man before me them all doth trace.

        If I were once out of this place,

          To suffer death great and vengeance able,15

        I will never come before his face,

          Though I should die in a stable.

      Upon this follows The Raising of Lazarus; next The Council of the Jews, to which the devil appears as a Prologue, dressed in the extreme of the fashion of the day, which he sets forth minutely enough in his speech also. The Entry into Jerusalem; The Last Supper; The Betrayal; King Herod; The Trial of Christ; Pilate's Wife's Dream come next; to the subject of the last of which the curious but generally accepted origin is given, that it was inspired by Satan, anxious that Jesus should not be slain, because he dreaded the mischief he would work when he entered Hades or Hell, for there is no distinction between them either here or in the Apocryphal Gospel whence the Descent into Hell is taken. Then follow The Crucifixion and The Descent into Hell—often called the Harrowing of Hell—that is, the making war upon or despoiling of hell,16 for which the authority is a passage in the Gospel of Nicodemus, full of a certain florid Eastern grandeur. I need hardly remind my readers that the Apostles' Creed, as it now stands, contains the same legend in the form of an article of faith. The allusions to it are frequent in the early literature of Christendom.

      The soul of Christ comes to the gates of hell, and says:

        Undo your gates of sorwatorie; place of sorrow.

        On man's soul I have memorie;

        There cometh now the king of glory,

          These gates for to breke!

        Ye devils that are here within,

        Hell gates ye shall unpin;

        I shall deliver man's kin—

          From woe I will them wreke. avenge.

      * * * * *

          Against me it were but waste

        To holdyn or to standyn fast;

        Hell-lodge may not last

          Against the king of glory.

        Thy dark door down I throw;

        My fair friends now well I know;

        I shall them bring, reckoned by row,

          Out of their purgatory!

      The Burial; The Resurrection; The Three Maries; Christ appearing to Mary; The Pilgrim of Emmaus; The Ascension; The Descent of the Holy Ghost; The Assumption of the Virgin; and Doomsday, close the series. I have quoted enough to show that these plays must, in the condition of the people to whom they were presented, have had much to do with their religious education.

      This fourteenth century was a wonderful time of outbursting life. Although we cannot claim the Miracles as entirely English products, being in all probability translations from the Norman-French, yet the fact that they were thus translated is one remarkable amongst many in this dawn of the victory of England over her conquerors. From this time, English prospered and French decayed. Their own language was now, so far, authorized as the medium of religious instruction to the people, while a similar change had passed upon processes at law; and, most significant of all, the greatest poet of the time, and one of the three greatest poets as yet of all English time, wrote, although a courtier, in the language of the people. Before selecting some of Chaucer's religious verses, however, I must speak of two or three poems by other writers.

      The first of these is The Vision of William concerning Piers Plowman,—a poem of great influence in the same direction as the writings of Wycliffe. It is a vision and an allegory, wherein the vices of the time, especially those of the clergy, are unsparingly dealt with. Towards the close it loses itself in a metaphysical allegory concerning Dowel, Dobet, and Dobest.17 I do not find much poetry in it. There is more, to my mind, in another poem, written some thirty or forty years later, the author of which is unknown, perhaps because he was an imitator of William Langland, the author of the Vision. It is called Pierce

15

Able to suffer, deserving, subject to, obnoxious to, liable to death and vengeance.

16

The word harry is still used in Scotland, but only in regard to a bird's nest.

17

Do-well, Do-better, and Do-best.