The Lake Gun and other Stories. Джеймс Фенимор Купер

even momentarily, to the repudiated literary models of his first book Precaution after the phenomenal success of The Spy would be to infer in him an almost total want of critical judgment and common sense. The real explanation, which Cooper might have been embarrassed to furnish and which the chronology of publication has obscured, lies in a hitherto unsuspected phase of the curious story of Cooper’s entrance to authorship.

      Cooper wrote Andrew Thompson Goodrich, his first publisher, on 31 May 1820, that Precaution had been preceded by an experimental effort to write a short moral tale. Mrs. Opie’s Simple Tales (1807) and Tales of Real Life (1813) would have been among the obvious models. Finding the tale “swell to a rather unwieldy size,” Cooper explained, “I destroy’d the manuscript and changed it to a novel.” Precaution, which was completed on 12 June 1820, was probably written within a month; and before the novel had begun its tortuous way through the press, Cooper commenced the writing of The Spy. By 28 June he had completed “about sixty pages,” presumably manuscript pages; and as the writing proceeded and his enthusiasm for the new work mounted, his expectations for the success of Precaution diminished. He wrote Goodrich on 12 July: “The ‘Spy’ goes on slowly and will not be finish’d until late in the fall – I take more pains with it – as it is to be an American novel professedly.” In fact, The Spy was completed only a short time before its publication in New York on 22 December 1821.

      During the eighteen months between the inception and publication of The Spy Cooper saw Precaution through the press, joined the New York literary circle which frequented Charles Wiley’s bookshop, transferred his publishing business to Wiley, wrote three or four long book reviews for his friend Charles K. Gardner’s Literary and Scientific Repository, finished The Spy, and commenced The Pioneers. While the period was, thus, not devoid of literary activity, it was, as the 1831 Preface to The Spy confessed, a period of acute uncertainty. Having discovered his literary talent, Cooper had yet to discover how to use it profitably, had indeed to be reassured of its true direction. He could not afford to write at all unless he could make his new profession pay handsomely. Precaution had been a deliberate attempt to produce a bestseller, and it succeeded only moderately. As the Preface to the first edition of The Spy indicates, Cooper experienced severe self-doubts and self-questionings about this experiment. For an extended period, most probably during the first six months of 1821, he abandoned work on The Spy, which had been noticed as in press in the January issue of the Repository, fearing that the book could not succeed. It was almost certainly during this time that he conceived and partly executed another literary project of which Tales for Fifteen is the abortive remains.

      As Cooper’s hopes for The Spy faded, his confidence in the viability of the type of imitative writing he had attempted in Precautionappears to have revived. Precaution was reviewed in a most laudatory manner in the Repository for January 1821, and the comment accompanying the notice of publication in the Repository was: “We only regret that the scene of this novel was not laid in America.” Whether Cooper persuaded himself or allowed himself to be persuaded by Wiley, Gardner, and other friends, he seems to have decided that his mistake in Precaution was not so much the choice of models as the choice of setting. Why not employ an American setting and continue his imitation of the British women? During 1820 Wiley, Goodrich, and William B. Gilley had jointly published a collection of Mrs. Opie’s stories called Tales of the Heart; apparently they found it profitable. Accordingly, Cooper planned a series of stories which Wiley noticed as in press in the Repository for May 1822 and which he described as “American Tales, by a Lady, viz. Imagination – Heart – Matter – Manner – Matter and Manner. 2 vols. 18 mo. Wiley and Halsted, New York.” A briefer announcement had appeared earlier, in the October 1821 issue of the Repository, although The Spy, which was certainly in press, was not noticed. In his letter of 7 January 1822 congratulating Cooper on the great success of The Spy, Wiley observed: “You speak of being engaged about ‘the Pioneer.’ – Have you forgotten ‘the American Tales,’ which were commenced by a certain lady a long time ago?”

      What happened, evidently, was that Cooper’s interest in The Spy had revived with such force that he had gone on to complete that book and to begin The Pioneers. Wiley’s problem was then to persuade his reluctant author to complete a work in which he had lost interest but which was in press. Wiley was not successful. The three final tales, “Manner,” “Matter,” and “Manner and Matter,” were never written. Eventually the publisher prevailed on Cooper to bring “Heart,” the second of the stories, to a hurried conclusion. The author, probably happy to settle the matter, then wrote a coy Preface alluding mysteriously to “unforeseen circumstances” which had prevented the completion of the series, and gave the two stories to Wiley on the condition that their authorship be concealed. Thus The American Tales became Tales for Fifteen. A more eloquent criticism by the author could hardly be wished.

      When Cooper permitted “Imagination” and “Heart” to be reprinted in 1841, he was again conferring a favor on a publisher. Towards the close of 1840 George Roberts, publisher and proprietor of the Boston Notion, subtitled without exaggeration “The Mammoth Sheet of the World,” sent Cooper a circular letter in the hand of a clerk to request a short contribution suitable for his new publication, Roberts’ Semi-Monthly Magazine. Normally, Cooper refused all such requests: but he was under the erroneous impression that Roberts had forwarded to him some Danish translations of his works which Longfellow had sent to America for him a few years before. Remembering these early stories, he replied to Roberts on 2 January 1841: “Some fifteen or twenty years since my publisher became embarrassed, and I wrote two short tales to aid him. He printed them, under the title of Tales for Fifteen, by Jane Morgan. One of these stories, rather a feeble one I fear, was called Heart – the other Imagination. This tale was written one rainy day, half asleep and half awake, but I retain rather a favorable impression of it. If you can find a copy of the book, you might think Imagination worth reprinting, and I suppose there can now be no objection to it. It would have the freshness of novelty, and would be American enough, Heaven knows. It would fill three or four of your columns.”

      Cooper owned no copy of Tales for Fifteen; but the resourceful publisher found a copy in New York, and “Imagination” filled almost the whole of the front page (approximately 60 by 34-1/2 inches) of the Boston Notion on 30 January 1841. It was reprinted in what was apparently a second edition of Roberts’ Semi-Monthly Magazine for 1 and 15 February 1841 and in London in William Hazlitt’s Romanticist and Novelist’s Library. A subsequent request brought permission for the reprinting of “Heart,” which appeared in the Boston Notion for 13 and 20 March 1841 and in Roberts’ Semi-Monthly Magazine for 1 and 15 April 1841. Roberts expressed his gratitude by defending Cooper in his paper from the charge of aristocratic bias which some New York journalists had brought against Home As Found. Doubtless the publisher would have been pleased to find other American writers sufficiently democratic to provide free copy.

      Tales for Fifteen owes most of its interest today to its crucial position in the Cooper canon. The literary value of “Imagination” and “Heart,” as their author realized, is slight. They were essentially experiments in which he sought to deploy indigenous materials within the conventions of British domestic fiction. “Imagination,” with its sprightly observation of American middle-class vulgarities, betrays a satiric awareness that Cooper did later develop; but “Heart” is a forced sentimental indulgence of a sort he never permitted by preference in later works, though he sometimes tolerated it as a concession to feminine readers. For Cooper the chief significance of these stories was that they demonstrated forcibly, if demonstration was necessary, that neither the characteristic materials nor the characteristic forms employed by the British women were congenial to his imagination. His failure was altogether fortunate; for had The American Tales been completed and published instead of The Spy, Cooper’s career and the course of much of American literature might have been different.

      First editions of Tales for Fifteen are the rarest of all Cooper “firsts.” The four copies presently known are in the Cooper Collection of the Yale University Library, the American Antiquarian Society, the J. K. Lilly Collection of Indiana University, and the