Материаловедение: конспект лекций. Виктор Сергеевич Алексеев

Читать онлайн.
Название Материаловедение: конспект лекций
Автор произведения Виктор Сергеевич Алексеев
Жанр Техническая литература
Серия
Издательство Техническая литература
Год выпуска 0
isbn 978-5-699-26919-8



Скачать книгу

а при определенных температурах – железо и другие металлы).

      В ячейке кубической гранецентрированной решетки атомы находятся в вершинах куба и на пересечении диагоналей каждой плоскости. Такая ячейка имеет 14 атомов (свинец, никель, медь, золото, серебро, пластина, железо при определенных температурах и другие металлы).

      Конец ознакомительного фрагмента.

      Текст предоставлен ООО «ЛитРес».

      Прочитайте эту книгу целиком, купив полную легальную версию на ЛитРес.

      Безопасно оплатить книгу можно банковской картой Visa, MasterCard, Maestro, со счета мобильного телефона, с платежного терминала, в салоне МТС или Связной, через PayPal, WebMoney, Яндекс.Деньги, QIWI Кошелек, бонусными картами или другим удобным Вам способом.

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