Big Data in Practice. Marr Bernard

are witnessing a movement that will completely transform any part of business and society. The word we have given to this movement is Big Data and it will change everything, from the way banks and shops operate to the way we treat cancer and protect our world from terrorism. No matter what job you are in and no matter what industry you work in, Big Data will transform it.

      Some people believe that Big Data is just a big fad that will go away if they ignore it for long enough. It won’t! The hype around Big Data and the name may disappear (which wouldn’t be a great loss), but the phenomenon will stay and only gather momentum. What we call Big Data today will simply become the new normal in a few years’ time, when all businesses and government organizations use large volumes of data to improve what they do and how they do it.

      I work every day with companies and government organizations on Big Data projects and thought it would be a good idea to share how Big Data is used today, across lots of different industries, among big and small companies, to deliver real value. But first things first, let’s just look at what Big Data actually means.

What Is Big Data?

      Big Data basically refers to the fact that we can now collect and analyse data in ways that was simply impossible even a few years ago. There are two things that are fuelling this Big Data movement: the fact we have more data on anything and our improved ability to store and analyse any data.

      More Data On Everything

      Everything we do in our increasingly digitized world leaves a data trail. This means the amount of data available is literally exploding. We have created more data in the past two years than in the entire previous history of mankind. By 2020, it is predicted that about 1.7 megabytes of new data will be created every second, for every human being on the planet. This data is coming not just from the tens of millions of messages and emails we send each other every second via email, WhatsApp, Facebook, Twitter, etc. but also from the one trillion digital photos we take each year and the increasing amounts of video data we generate (every single minute we currently upload about 300 hours of new video to YouTube and we share almost three million videos on Facebook). On top of that, we have data from all the sensors we are now surrounded by. The latest smartphones have sensors to tell where we are (GPS), how fast we are moving (accelerometer), what the weather is like around us (barometer), what force we are using to press the touch screen (touch sensor) and much more. By 2020, we will have over six billion smartphones in the world – all full of sensors that collect data. But not only our phones are getting smart, we now have smart TVs, smart watches, smart meters, smart kettles, fridges, tennis rackets and even smart light bulbs. In fact, by 2020, we will have over 50 billion devices that are connected to the Internet. All this means that the amount of data and the variety of data (from sensor data, to text and video) in the world will grow to unimaginable levels.

      Ability To Analyse Everything

      All this Big Data is worth very little unless we are able to turn it into insights. In order to do that we need to capture and analyse the data. In the past, there were limitations to the amount of data that could be stored in databases – the more data there was, the slower the system became. This can now be overcome with new techniques that allow us to store and analyse data across different databases, in distributed locations, connected via networks. So-called distributed computing means huge amounts of data can be stored (in little bits across lots of databases) and analysed by sharing the analysis between different servers (each performing a small part of the analysis).

      Google were instrumental in developing distributed computing technology, enabling them to search the Internet. Today, about 1000 computers are involved in answering a single search query, which takes no more than 0.2 seconds to complete. We currently search 3.5 billion times a day on Google alone.

      Distributed computing tools such as Hadoop manage the storage and analysis of Big Data across connected databases and servers. What’s more, Big Data storage and analysis technology is now available to rent in a software-as-a-service (SAAS) model, which makes Big Data analytics accessible to anyone, even those with low budgets and limited IT support.

      Finally, we are seeing amazing advancements in the way we can analyse data. Algorithms can now look at photos, identify who is on them and then search the Internet for other pictures of that person. Algorithms can now understand spoken words, translate them into written text and analyse this text for content, meaning and sentiment (e.g. are we saying nice things or not-so-nice things?). More and more advanced algorithms emerge every day to help us understand our world and predict the future. Couple all this with machine learning and artificial intelligence (the ability of algorithms to learn and make decisions independently) and you can hopefully see that the developments and opportunities here are very exciting and evolving very quickly.

Big Data Opportunities

      With this book I wanted to showcase the current state of the art in Big Data and provide an overview of how companies and organizations across all different industries are using Big Data to deliver value in diverse areas. You will see I have covered areas including how retailers (both traditional bricks ’n’ mortar companies as well as online ones) use Big Data to predict trends and consumer behaviours, how governments are using Big Data to foil terrorist plots, even how a tiny family butcher or a zoo use Big Data to improve performance, as well as the use of Big Data in cities, telecoms, sports, gambling, fashion, manufacturing, research, motor racing, video gaming and everything in between.

      Instead of putting their heads in the sand or getting lost in this startling new world of Big Data, the companies I have featured here have figured out smart ways to use data in order to deliver strategic value. In my previous book, Big Data: Using SMART Big Data, Analytics and Metrics to Make Better Decisions and Improve Performance (also published by Wiley), I go into more detail on how any company can figure out how to use Big Data to deliver value.

      I am convinced that Big Data, unlike any other trend at the moment, will affect everyone and everything we do. You can read this book cover to cover for a complete overview of current Big Data use cases or you can use it as a reference book and dive in and out of the areas you find most interesting or are relevant to you or your clients. I hope you enjoy it!

      1

      WALMART

      How Big Data Is Used To Drive Supermarket Performance

Background

      Walmart are the largest retailer in the world and the world’s largest company by revenue, with over two million employees and 20,000 stores in 28 countries.

      With operations on this scale it’s no surprise that they have long seen the value in data analytics. In 2004, when Hurricane Sandy hit the US, they found that unexpected insights could come to light when data was studied as a whole, rather than as isolated individual sets. Attempting to forecast demand for emergency supplies in the face of the approaching Hurricane Sandy, CIO Linda Dillman turned up some surprising statistics. As well as flashlights and emergency equipment, expected bad weather had led to an upsurge in sales of strawberry Pop Tarts in several other locations. Extra supplies of these were dispatched to stores in Hurricane Frances’s path in 2012, and sold extremely well.

      Walmart have grown their Big Data and analytics department considerably since then, continuously staying on the cutting edge. In 2015, the company announced they were in the process of creating the world’s largest private data cloud, to enable the processing of 2.5 petabytes of information every hour.

What Problem Is Big Data Helping To Solve?

      Supermarkets sell millions of products to millions of people every day. It’s a fiercely competitive industry which a large proportion of people living in the developed world count on to provide them with day-to-day essentials. Supermarkets compete not just on price but also on customer service and, vitally, convenience. Having the right products in the right place at the right time, so the right people can buy them, presents huge logistical problems. Products have to be efficiently priced to the cent, to stay competitive. And if customers find they can’t get everything they need under one roof, they will look elsewhere for somewhere to shop that is a better fit for their busy schedule.

How Is Big Data Used In Practice?

      In 2011, with a growing awareness of how data could