Urban and suburban transport intelligent management. Textbook. Vadim Shmal

System), LPWAN, GSM networks, LTE or Bluetooth with low power consumption LiFi, Z-wave, LoRa, etc.

      – wire mesh, wide area connections (3G, LTE);

      – wired connections.

      The development of technologies for collecting, transmitting and processing information led to the digital and industrial revolution, which was accompanied by an exponential increase in the number of devices transmitting information over the Internet. The use of automation, robotics and the introduction of such devices into people’s daily lives, and with the potential for each individual to have several devices containing microchips at once and Internet connection, led to the fact that in 2008—2009 the number of such devices exceeded the population of the Earth and further significant growth dynamics is observed. This fact should be considered the main prerequisite for the transition to the Internet of Things technology.

      The main difference between the Internet of Things as a system from conventional communication systems is the ability to independently perform computing operations.

      According to research, IoT technology allows you to capture and control objects remotely through the existing network infrastructure. By doing this, it creates opportunities for integrating the physical world into computer systems.

      The main functions of the Internet of Things are: service, communication and informing.

      IoT is based on two pillars:

      – a physical environment that includes various sensors and sensors for monitoring and data collection;

      – an analytical environment that allows you to make rational and effective management decisions based on the analysis of the data obtained.

      In the Internet of Things, physical and virtual «objects» have the characteristics of identity, physical attributes and personification. The main role in IoT is played by devices that can collect various information and distribute it over networks to the necessary software products, as well as transmit control actions from them to devices. It is worth noting that in IoT, any communication node of the network is equal in providing its services.

      As a data transfer format, it is convenient to use the format of JSON structures (Java Script Objective Notation). Its advantage lies in the fact that there is no need to include service information in the transmitted data.

      The construction of IoT is associated with the formation of large data flows, which are not always structured. There are two main types for structured data: categorical and numeric. In the first of them, the data is associated with a set of values that is fixed.

      Various special protocols are allocated for the interaction of things and users in IoT (Figure 1.1):

      – IoT devices (things) and a user device (computer, tablet, mobile phone, etc.) establish a Device-to-Device (D2D) communication with each other;

      – the collected data is transferred to the server infrastructure (cloud) «Device-to-Server» (D2S);

      – the server infrastructure should share data, being able to transfer it back to devices, analysis programs or users – «Server-to-Server».

      The following protocols of device interaction in IoT are distinguished (Figure 1.2):

      – DDS: fast bus for integration of intelligent devices (D2D);

      – CoAP: protocol for transmitting node status information to the server (D2S);

      – MQTT: protocol for collecting device data and transmitting it to servers (D2S);

      – XMPP: protocol for connecting devices to users, a special case of the D2S scheme when users connect to servers;

      – STOMP: a protocol for exchanging messages between the device and the server, implemented in different languages and platforms (D2S);

      – AMQP: queuing system for connecting servers to each other (S2S).

      There are three main segments of the IoT technology market in Russia:

      – mass market (B2C) or consumer segment: solutions for households and users – pos materials, smart home, banks, etc.;

      – market of commercial companies (B2B) or industrial Internet of Things: industry, transport and logistics, finance, agriculture, etc.;

      – market of public institutions and state-owned companies (B2G): electric power, housing and communal services, smart city, etc. There is also a so—called cross-industrial segment covering IoT solutions in all areas. [40]

      The customer base of communication networks used to be characterized by the number of users, but with the development and increased availability of technologies, most users have several devices, so there is a vector of bias in the evaluation of the customer base by the number of «things» included in the network.

      Positive aspects of IoT technology application:

      1) The devices in the network are in constant connection with each other, which improves the quality and efficiency of the collected data.

      2) The possibility of centralized control of digital information of connected devices and high speed of its output for rapid response is provided.

      3) A large amount of data contributes to improving the accuracy of decisions made as a result of their processing, which makes it possible to switch from process modeling to «digital twins» technology.

      4) Increasing the speed and quality of managerial decision-making leads to a significant economic effect.

      The risks of implementing IoT include:

      1) Separate devices are offered on the Russian market,

      rather than complex solutions, which does not allow forming a single IoT ecosystem.

      2) The complexity of building an IoT is accompanied by a high risk of system error during operation.

      3) The scalability of the network of devices transmitting data significantly increases the risk of personal data leakage due to the complexity of monitoring and protecting a distributed network.

      4) The introduction of digital systems leads to the automation of technological processes, followed by a reduction in employees and an increase in social tension.

      5) The lack of unified connection standards and data transfer protocols, which does not allow combining various wireless networks of objects into a single network. The most common is the MQTT protocol. [40]

      The most important differences between the Internet of Things and the existing Internet of people are:

      – focus on things, not on the person;

      – significantly more connected objects;

      – significantly smaller object sizes and low speeds;

      – focus on reading data, not on communications;

      – the need to form a new infrastructure and new standards.

      1.1.2 Internet of Things potential threats

      The problem of building IoT in different countries and systems using different protocols may increase in the future when all devices are incompatible and it will not be possible to link them together and collect the necessary data due to the presence of two or more different IoT protocols.

      Currently, the most competitive are two approaches to unifying open source platforms to increase the interconnectedness of products and devices – Open Interconnect Consortium (OIC) and AllSeen Alliance.

      To understand the necessary technical support for IoT, it is worth considering several factors when approaching IoT security:

      – IoT is a developing