Plastics and the Ocean. Группа авторов

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Название Plastics and the Ocean
Автор произведения Группа авторов
Жанр Химия
Серия
Издательство Химия
Год выпуска 0
isbn 9781119768418



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ρ = 0.940.) Also in the figure are two examples of common applications of PE.

      Source: Polyethylene data from Peacock (2000).

Crystallinity (%) Melting point (°C) Extensibility (%) Young’s Modulus, G (Pa)
LDPE 50–60 105 200–600 0.13–0.3
HDPE 60–80 125 500–700 0.266–0.525
LLDPE 40–60 125 300–900 0.5–1.1
PP 40–60 150–175 100–600 0.9–1.55
PS (GPPS) 1.2–2.6 1.2–2.6
PS (HIPS) 15–65
PVC 10–30 11.9–80.0 2.14–4.14
PET 30–40 260 30–300 2.76–4.14
Nylon 6 255 25–50
Cellulose Acetate
Schematic illustration of left: the molecular geometry of LDPE and HDPE. Middle; ziplock LDPE sandwich bag. Right: An HDPE milk jug.

      Source: Rudolph et al. (2017).

Application Plastics Commonly Used Specific Use
Packaging PET, HDPE, PP, LDPE, PVC PP, HDPE, LDPE, PVC LDPE, PP, PVC, PET LDPE, HDPE, PP PP, HDPE, LDPE, PVC Bottles, flasks Closure items, bottle caps Films Bags, sacks Jars, boxes, tubs
Building PVC, PP, HDPE, LDPE, ABS PU, EPS, XPS PVC PE, PVC PS, PMMA, PC, POM, PA Pipes and ducts Insulation Windows and other frames, flooring, and wall coverings Lining Interior fittings
Automative PP, ABS, PC/PBT PU, PP, PVC, ABS, PA PP, ABS, PPE, PC HDPE, POM, PA, PP, PBT PP, PPE ABS, PP, PBT, POM, PP PC, PBT, ABS, PMMA Bumper Seats Dashboard Fuel system Body Interior trim Lighting
Agriculture LDPE, LLDPE, PP LDPE, LLDPE LDPE, HDPE PP PVC, LDPE HDPE, PS, PP Bale bags, seed bags Greenhouse covers, silo covers, mulch film Nets and mesh Rope, strings Pipes and fittings Pesticides containers, nursery pots
Electronics PS, HIPS, SAN, ABS, PP ABS, PC/ABS, HIPS, POM PPE/PS, PC/ABS, PET PC/ABS, ABS, HIPS ABS, PC/ABS, HIPS PS, ABS, PU, PVC PP, PS, ABS, PVC Printers/faxes Telecommunications equipment Televisions Monitors Computers Refrigeration Dishwashers

      Abbreviations: ABS – Acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene copolymer; PC – polycarbonate: PMMA (poly(methyl methacrylate); POM – poly(oxymethylene); and XPS – expanded extruded polystyrene.

      1.7.1 Packaging Food and Beverage

      Packaging, the leading application of plastics has a global market size exceeding US$240B. Over half the plastic packaging is used in the food and beverage sector. Industrial packaging and non‐food consumer packaging, each account for less than half of that volume. About 56% of plastic packaging is PE, with PP (22%), PET (10%), while some PS is also used (Mackenzie 2019).

      Packaging addresses a key problem of the Anthropocene, the unprecedented wastage of food in the supply chain as well as by consumers. Globally, an estimated 1/3 of food intended for human consumption invariably ends up as waste (Gustavsson et al. 2011); food wastage in the US is even higher, by at least a third, compared to that in other countries. Along with food, all the resources, including fossil fuel invested in their production, are also wasted and it is critical to minimize this waste. An industry study in the US recently found significantly less food wastage with packaged, compared to unpackaged, food (Ameripen 2018). Plastics packaging achieves this reduction primarily by extending the shelf life of food throughout the supply chain and by managing portion sizes. The weight fraction of packaging needed for this purpose is relatively low, compared to that of food or beverage. This is also true both in terms of the monetary, and the environmental cost of the package, compared to that of the food. Life cycle analysis (LCA) comparing different packaging materials for beverage,