Plastics and the Ocean. Группа авторов

Prospects and Opportunities References

      15  8 Degradation and Fragmentation of Microplastics 8.1 Classifying Degradation 8.2 Weathering Under Laboratory Accelerated Conditions 8.3 Photo‐Oxidation Pathways of Common Plastics 8.4 Changes Accompanying Weathering of Plastics 8.5 Weathering of Plastics in the Marine Environment 8.6 Studies on Weathering of Plastics in Seawater 8.7 Fragmentation of Plastics in Marine Weathering 8.8 Conclusions References

      16  9 Pollutants Sorbed Onto Microplastics 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Pollutants Sorbed by MPs 9.3 Influencing Factors 9.4 Sorption Kinetics and Isotherms 9.5 Sorption Mechanism 9.6 Conclusions References

      17  10 Colonization of Plastic Marine Debris 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Preamble 10.3 The Known 10.4 The Unknown, but Knowable 10.5 The Unknowable 10.6 Conclusion References

      18  11 Marine Biodegradation of Common Plastics 11.1 The Marine Environment 11.2 Rates of Biodegradation of Common Plastics 11.3 Plastics That Are Effectively Nonbiodegradable: Polyethylene, Polypropylene, and Polystyrene 11.4 Assessing Biodegradation and Mineralization 11.5 Standardized Tests to Assess Biodegradation References

      19  12 Ingestion of Microplastics by Marine Animals 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Ingestion of Microplastics by Marine Organisms 12.3 The Impacts of Microplastic Ingestion on Marine Organisms 12.4 Impacts of Plastic‐Associated Chemicals on Organisms 12.5 Conclusion References

      20  13 Microplastics in Fish and Seafood Species 13.1 Introduction 13.2 How Microplastics Can Enter Seafood and Transfer to Humans 13.3 Microplastics in the Seafood Supply Chain 13.4 Consequences of Microplastics in Seafood 13.5 Conclusion References

      21  14 Nanoplastics and the Marine Environment 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Interactions Between Nanoplastics and Marine Microbiota 14.3 Impact of Nanoplastics on Marine Phototrophic Microorganisms 14.4 Impact of Nanoplastics on Marine Heterotrophic Microorganisms 14.5 Ecosystem Implications 14.6 Potential Effects of Nanoplastics on Humans 14.7 Outlook and Future Considerations References

      22  15 Human Behavior and Marine Plastic Pollution 15.1 Introduction: Human Behavior and Marine Plastic Pollution 15.2 Human Behavior 15.3 Scoping Review of Behavior Change Interventions 2015–2020 15.4 Plastic Pollution and Behavior in the Global South 15.5 Research Gaps and Limitations 15.6 Remaining Challenges 15.7 Conclusion Acknowledgements References

      23  16 Legal and Policy Frameworks for Preventing and Reducing Marine Plastic Pollution 16.1 Introduction to the Governance of Plastic Pollution 16.2 Overview of Legal and Policy