Introduction to Desalination. Louis Theodore

Part II Desalination and Water Treatment Processes 9 The Desalination Process 10 Evaporation 11 Reverse Osmosis 12 Crystallization 13 Traditional Desalination Processes 14 New Desalination Processes 15 Non-Desalination Processes

      8  Part III Select Related Topics 16 Water Conservation 17 Economic Considerations 18 Optimization Considerations 19 Ethical Considerations 20 The Future of Desalination

      9  Index

      10  End User License Agreement

      List of Figures

      1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Total daily per capita water...

      2 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Flow diagram for a three-step...Figure 3.2 Common process flow diagram...Figure 3.3 Simplified process flow diagram...

      3 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Solid-liquid-vapor equilibria...Figure 5.2 Psychrometric chart, low temperatures...Figure 5.3 Psychrometric chart, high temperatures...

      4 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Fluid Flow through a Cylinder Tube.Figure 7.2 Bypass, Recycle, Purge, and Makeup.Figure 7.3 Diagram to Calculate the Magnitude...Figure 7.4 Flow Diagram for Illustrative Example 3.Figure 7.5 Flow Diagram for Illustrative Example 4.Figure 7.6 Diagram for Illustrative Example 5.Figure 7.7 Schematic for Lake Pumped Storage...

      5 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Hypothetical Flow System.Figure 8.2 Process Flow Diagram.Figure 8.3 Boiler Flow Diagram for Illustrative Example 4.

      6 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Basic Desalination Process.Figure 9.2 Desalination Unit Flow Diagram for Illustrative Example 4.Figure 9.3 Flow Diagram for Illustrative Example 6.

      7 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Simple Evaporator.Figure 10.2 Simple Evaporator with Reuse...Figure 10.3 Flash Evaporator System.Figure 10.4 Two-stage Flash Evaporation System.Figure 10.5 Multi-stage Flash Evaporation System.Figure 10.6 Multi-effect Evaporation System.Figure 10.7 Vapor Compression Process.Figure 10.8 Evaporator Flow Diagram for Illustrative Example 5.Figure 10.9 Evaporator Flow Diagram for Illustrative Example 8.Figure 10.10 Flow Diagram for Three Stage...Figure 10.11 Flow Diagram for Energy Conversion...Figure 10.12 Side and Front Views of the Solar...

      8 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Pre-osmosis Equilibrium.Figure 11.2 Osmosis of a Solvent.Figure 11.3 Osmotic Pressure.Figure 11.4 Reverse Osmosis.Figure 11.5 Diagram of Steps Taking Place ...Figure 11.6 Different Membrane Separation Processes.Figure 11.7 Process Flow Diagrams for the RO Process.Figure 11.8 Seawater Desalination by RO.

      9 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Generalized Diagram of the Crystallization Process.Figure 12.2 Normally Distributed Crystal...Figure 12.3 Log Normal Crystal Size Distribution (CSD).Figure 12.4 Line Diagram of an Evaporative Crystallizer.Figure 12.5 Example Crystallizer Process Flow Diagram...Figure 12.6 Crystallizer Process Flow Diagram with System Data.Figure 12.7 Forced Circulation Crystallizer Flow Diagram...

      10 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 The GADUTH Solar Evaporation Process.Figure 13.2 The GADUTH Greenhouse Solar Evaporator.Figure 13.3 Psychrometric Chart, Low Temperatures...Figure 13.4 Psychrometric Chart, High Temperatures...Figure 13.5 General Electric Psychrometric Chart.Figure 13.6 The Theodore Humidification...Figure 13.7 The GADUTH Dewdrop Process.Figure 13.8 The Reverse Osmosis and Crystallization Hybrid...Figure 13.9 The Reverse Osmosis and Crystallization Hybrid...Figure 13.10 Diagram of Psychrometric Chart...Figure 13.11 Process Flow Diagram for Illustrative...Figure 13.12 Process Flow Diagram of Hybrid Desalination...Figure 13.13 Process Flow Diagram of Dehumidifier System...

      11 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 The Theodore Simple Still.Figure 14.2 Heat Pipe Principles.Figure 14.3 The Heat Conduit Evaporator Process.Figure 14.4 The GADUTH Freeze Desalination Process Refrigeration Cycle.Figure 14.5 The GADUTH Freeze Desalination Process Refrigerant Tanks.

      12 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 Vacuum Levels Attainable with Various...

      13 Chapter 16Figure 16.1 Global Water Withdrawals by Sector...Figure 16.2 General Water Balance Approach.Figure 16.3 Sewer Map for Soap Manufacturing Facility...Figure 16.4 Revised Sewer Map for Soap Manufacturing...

      14 Chapter 17Figure 17.1 Costs Associated with Potable Water Production...

      15 Chapter 18Figure 18.2 Solution to a Two-variable Minimization Problem.Figure 18.1 Two-variable Minimization Problems.Figure 18.3 Possible Solution to a Two-variable Maximization Problem.Figure 18.4 Graphical Solution for Maximization Problem.Figure 18.5 Graphical Solution for Illustrative Example 3.Figure 18.7 Excel Solver Parameters Window Used to Solve...Figure 18.8 Excel Worksheet Showing the Optimal...Figure 18.6 Excel Worksheet to Solve the...

      16 Chapter 20Figure 20.1 Scatter Diagrams: (a) Linear Relationship...Figure 20.1 Error Difference: Actual and Predicted Values.

      List of Tables

      1 Chapter 1Table 1.1 Breakdown of the total water...Table 1.2 Fresh groundwater, total groundwater...Table 1.3 Global water resources by...Table 1.4 Renewable annual fresh...Table 1.5 Seawater and potable water...Table 1.6 Water footprint and quantities...

      2 Chapter 3Table 3.1 SI multiples and prefixes.Table 3.2 Conversion constantsTable 3.3 Conversion constants for volume....Table 3.4 Conversion constants for...

      3 Chapter 4Table 4.1 Commonly used concentration...Table 4.2 Values of the ideal gas...Table 4.3 Weight fraction for each...Table 4.4 Mole fraction calculations...Table 4.5 Gas composition and component...

      4 Chapter 5Table 5.1 Viscosity of air at 1 atmosphereaTable 5.2 Viscosity of water.Table 5.3 Specific Volume, Enthalpy,...Table 5.4 Specific volume, enthalpy,...Table 5.5 Specific volume, enthalpy,...Table 5.6 Definitions of psychrometric...Table 5.7 Physical properties of water...

      5 Chapter