the nucleus is the atom, the electron shells fiction. Helmut Albert

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      The nucleus ist the atom,

      the electron shells fiction

      Helmut Albert

      Imprint:

      © Overall conception: Helmut Albert 2021

      Translation from the german edition:

      „Der Kern ist das Atom, die Hülle ist Fiktion“ 2019.

      Translated with DeepL pro

      Responsible:

      Helmut Albert, Talstrasse 63, 79102 Freiburg; Germany

      [email protected]

      Preliminary remarks

      This paper is the revised and translated version of the German edition "Der Kern ist das Atom, die Hülle ist Fiktion" from 2019. The aim is to make the content available to a wide audience and to stimulate discussion. The contradictions to the official idea of the atom's structure are increasing and physicists themselves are increasingly doubting the standard model of particle physics. The official image of the atom is still based on the idea of a central body with particles arranged around it. In reality, the atomic structure is similar to a gearbox, constructed like a chessboard of nucleons rotating on the right and left.

       Helmut Albert, Freiburg in September 2021

      3. Introduction

      With the first nucleus shell atomic model in history in 1911, Ernest Rutherford postulated a large atomic shell with electrically negative electrons and a small electrically positive atomic nucleus. In doing so, he considered the atomic nucleus to be a single positive charge around which electrons orbited, or lingered, at a great distance. He did not yet know that the atomic nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons. Thus the often quoted comparison of the atom with a planetary system is comprehensible. (The construction principle is still valid for today's atomic model of particle physics). However, this idea quickly becomes nonsensical if one takes into account the later discoveries of the atomic building blocks proton (1919) and neutron (1932). And this in two respects: If one assumes that proton and electron have the same opposite electric charge, then the laws of nature would have to work here as well, as they apply to cations and anions in the structure of the ion crystals. However, the same applies also to the so-called atomic nucleus with the protons and neutrons, whose nuclear force is considered unknown to science. However, both atomic building blocks have rotational energies or kinetic energies, respectively, which also act in opposite directions. Also for this particle system only one possibility of a structure exists: That of a chessboard-like structure!

      This e-book edition is a translated and modified treatise, of the e-book published in German in 2019: "Der Kern ist das Atom, die Hülle ist Fiction". The shown theory refers to the atom model with checkerboard-like structure (Albert 2017)