Surgical Critical Care and Emergency Surgery. Группа авторов

Womack Army Medical Center Fort Bragg, NC, USA

      Annalise Penikis, MD University of Maryland Medical Center Baltimore, MD, USA

      Herb A. Phelan, MD, MSCS Department of Surgery, LSU School of Medicine New Orleans, LA, USA

      Kartik Prabhakaran, MD New York Medical College Westchester Medical Center Valhalla, NY, USA

      Theodore Pratt, MD Naval Medical Center San Diego, CA, USA

      Eric Raschke, DO Madigan Army Medical Center Tacoma, WA, USA

      Shariq Raza, MD Trauma Surgery, Surgical Critical Care & Emergency Surgery Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA

      Peter M. Rhee, MD Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery New York Medical College Westchester Medical Center Valhalla, NY, USA

      Daniel Roubik, MD Brooke Army Medical Center San Antonio, TX, USA

      Navdeep Samra, MD LSU Health Shreveport, LA, USA

      Jaideep Sandhu, MBBS, MPH City of Hope National Medical Center Duarte, CA, USA

      Jarrett Santorelli, MD Division of Trauma, Acute Care Surgery, Surgical Critical Care and Burns University of California San Diego San Diego, CA, USA

      Fariha Sheikh, MD Division of Trauma and Critical Care Surgery Rutgers New Jersey Medical School University Hospital Newark, NJ, USA

      Jared Sheppard, MD Division of Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery University of Missouri Columbia, MO, USA

      Ilya Shnaydman, MD Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery New York Medical College Westchester Medical Center Valhalla, NY, USA

      Elise Sienicki, MD Naval Medical Center, San Diego, CA, USA

      Brandt Sisson, MD Naval Medical Center San Diego, CA, USA

      Michael C. Smith, MD Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville, TN, USA

      Collin Stewart, MD Banner University Medical Center University of Arizona College of Medicine Tucson, AZ, USA

      Michelle Strong, MD, PhD Trauma and Acute Care Surgeon Austin, TX, USA

Jonathan Swisher, MD LTC, MC US Army William Beaumont Army Medical Center El Paso, TX, USA

      Andrew Tang, MD University of Arizona College of Medicine Banner University Medical Center Tucson, AZ, USA

      Anne Warner, MD Department of Surgery Christiana Care Health Care System Newark, DE, USA

      Cassandra Q. White, MD Department of Surgery Augusta University Augusta, GA, USA

      Andrew J. Young, MD Division of Trauma, Critical Care and Burn The Ohio State University Columbus, OH, USA

      Bardiya Zangbar, MD Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery New York Medical College Westchester Medical Center Valhalla, NY, USA

      About the Companion Website

      This book is accompanied by a companion website

      www.wiley.com/go/surgicalcriticalcare3e

      The website features:

       Interactive multiple choice questions

Part One Surgical Critical Care

1 Respiratory and Cardiovascular Physiology

       Anne Warner, MD, Harsh Desai, MD, and Frederick Giberson, MD

       Department of Surgery, Christiana Care Health Care System, Newark, DE, USA

      1 In a patient who develops ARDS, the addition of PEEP in optimizing ventilatory support has which of the following effects?Maximal alveolar recruitment with inspiration.Decreasing mean airway pressure.Decreased right ventricular afterload.Improvement of functional residual capacity (FRC).Increasing left ventricular afterload.The use of positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP) as part of the ARDS ventilatory strategy has been shown to improve the functional residual capacity (FRC) above the closing pressure of alveoli, thereby preventing alveolar collapse. PEEP maximizes alveolar recruitment at end expiration, not inspiration. The addition of PEEP increases inflation pressure, thereby increasing peak alveolar pressure and ultimately mean airway pressure. Increased PEEP increases pulmonary vascular resistance impeding right vascular stroke volume and thereby left ventricular filling. It also decreases the transmural pressure – the pressure needed to be overcome in order to eject stroke volume – thereby decreasing left ventricular afterload.Answer: DBriel M, Meade M, Mercat A, et al. Higher vs lower positive end‐expiratory pressure in patients with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. JAMA. 2010; 303 (9): 865–873.Schmitt JM, Viellard‐Baron A, Augarde R, et al. Positive end‐expiratory pressure titration in acute respiratory distress syndrome patients: impact on right ventricular outflow impedance evaluated by pulmonary artery Doppler flow velocity measurements. Crit Care Med. 2001; 29: 1154–1158.

      2 Which of the following is NOT a component of the inflammatory cascade leading to lung injury in ARDS?Injury to type I and type II epithelial cells within the alveoli.Capillary endothelial dysregulation resulting in recruitment of neutrophils.Sequestration of predominantly lymphocytes within the pulmonary microcirculation.Release of cytoplasmic granules from neutrophil degranulation.Exudation of protein‐rich fluid into the distal airspaces.The inflammatory cascade in ARDS is thought to be initiated by activation of circulating neutrophils by the release of IL‐1 and TNF by macrophages and monocytes. Endothelial dysregulation attracts and retains neutrophils with subsequent sequestration within the pulmonary microcirculation. This occurs through adhesion of neutrophils to endothelial cells and neutrophil stiffening. Neutrophils then move into lung parenchyma and degranulate propagating injury to the type I and II epithelial cells within the alveoli allowing for exudation of protein‐rich fluid, erythrocytes, and platelets into the distal airspaces.Answer: CAbraham E. Neutrophils and acute lung injury. Crit Care Med. 2003; 31(supp): S195–S199.

      3 A 27‐year‐old man is undergoing exploratory laparotomy after presenting with a gunshot wound to the left flank. He is currently hemodynamically stable. The operative team has concern for possible ureteral injury and asks that methylene blue be administered for identification of possible urine leak. Shortly after administration, the patient desaturates to SpO2 of 82% with remaining hemodynamics remaining appropriate. What is the management for the etiology of this patient’s desaturation event?Perform a left tube thoracostomy.Immediate bronchoscopy.Abort the procedure.Manual bag mask ventilation.Watch and wait without immediate intervention.The multiple uses of methylene blue have been established including use in methemoglobinemia treatment as well as potential use in vasoplegic syndrome. In the operating room, methylene blue is often used to evaluate renal function and for potential leak in urologic procedures. However, one of the adverse effects of methylene blue is to decrease pulse oximetry readings.Pulse oximeters are made up of a side containing two light emitting diodes that emit at 660nm and 940nm detecting deoxygenated and oxygenated hemoglobin, respectively. The light is captured after passing through the arteries in the finger by a probe on the other side of the oximeter. This is then passed through and alternating current amplifier to block nonpulsatile wave forms from veins. The ratio of oxygenated to total hemoglobin is used to calculate SpO2. When administered, methylene