Counseling and Psychotherapy. Группа авторов

and relies on interdependence in the counselor-client relationship throughout the session (Corrigan & Grand, 2013; Grand, 2013).

       Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Theories

      There are also counseling theories that were created out of multicultural and social justice aims and processes, so the background, major constructs, therapeutic relationship, strategies, and interventions are grounded in critical concepts and the need for action around systemic oppression, marginalization, colonization, privilege, inequity, exclusion, cultural assimilation, lack of access, and disempowerment. Counselors may also focus on mutuality in relationship, collectivistic processes and views, removing ideology, reflexivity, honoring resilience in the face of oppressive stress, and affirming identity rather than socializing or resocializing to a paradigm. This book covers two important counseling practice theories in this regard: relational cultural theory (the focus of Chapter 2) and feminist theory (the focus of Chapter 14).

SUMMARY

      The therapeutic alliance and helping relationship are fundamental to counseling and the use of theories to direct work with clients. Basic ways of being in session connect to skills of helping, which allow the counselor or therapist to be attuned and open to the client’s lived experience. Counselors and therapists respond to the cues of the client and provide warmth and empathy, while helping to unpack meaning and create opportunity for emotive experiencing by asking open-ended questions and then clarifying, reflecting, and summarizing what has been shared. Core helping skills are directly connected to being culturally responsive through counselor trainings in cultural competency, cultural humility, and cultural responsiveness. Counselors and therapists are also responsive, both therapeutically and theoretically, by carrying a deep appreciation for the cultural diversity of each client. The use of theories may need to be appropriately integrated to meet the needs of clients. In addition, multicultural and social justice orientations must be integrated with any use of theory. It is our hope that, with this book, readers will continue to examine the therapeutic relationship and how cultural diversity affects each of the theories they will learn in the various chapters.

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