Enzyme-Based Organic Synthesis. Cheanyeh Cheng

or OYEs 1–3 mediated biotransformations to prepare (S)‐α‐halo‐β‐arylpropionic acid derivatives in high e.e. and with good yields. The fermentation medium promotes ester hydrolysis, but the isolated enzymes preserve the ester functionality (Scheme 2.43). Particularly, when aromatic ring was substituted by an EWG, high e.e. and conversion values were observed [185].

Scheme 2.42 Asymmetric bioreduction of citraconic acid dimethylester via a coupled‐substrate system.

Scheme 2.43 BY fermentations and OYEs 1–3 mediated bioreductions of substrates 1–6.

The reduction of the double bond associated with α,β‐unsaturated ketones and catalyzed by microorganisms, animal, and plant cell cultures has long been studied and known by synthetic organic chemists. However, a strain of filamentous fungus identified as Aspergillus versicolor and named A. versicolor D‐1 was isolated and used for the reduction of the γ,δ‐double bond of the conjugated lactone in securinine to produce 14,15‐dihydrosecurinine with high stereospecificity (Scheme 2.44) [186]. The NADPH‐dependent securinine reductase found in A. versicolor D‐1 is a cytosolic enzyme and is highly inducible in growing/resting cultures for securinine reduction. Moreover, it will not reduce the α,β‐double bond in 14,15‐dihydrosecurinine further. It was also found that the reductase is thermally unstable.

Scheme 2.44 The reduction of γ,δ‐double bond of the conjugated lactone in securinine.

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