How Sentiment Matters in International Relations: China and the South China Sea Dispute. David Groten

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INTERNATIONAL AND SECURITY STUDIES David Groten

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      [5] “In order to understand others’ behavior, and in order to behave in a manner such that we can influence others, we must try to understand the world as they do” (Craig, 2007, p. 1).

      “[I]t is no wonder that postconflict peacebuilding efforts too frequently fail and wars reerupt because peace settlements and peacebuilding policies play with emotional fire that practitioners scarcely understand but nevertheless seek to manipulate“ (Crawford, 2000, p. 116).

      “Thucydides found that people go to war out of ‘honor, fear, and interest’ […]. If we take honor to mean fame, glory, renown, or splendor, it may appear applicable only to an earlier time. If, however, we understand its significance as […] regard, respect, or prestige we will find it an important motive of nations in the modern world” (Kagan, 1996, p. 8).

      “Mianzi is very important among Chinese people and within the relational Chinese society. It concerns not only one’s social status in a relational society but also the possibility of being accepted by others and even the privileges one is entitled to in the social process of interaction” (Qin Yaqing, 2011, p. 52).

Figure 1: Map of the South China Sea with Competing Legal Claims Indo-Pacific Defense Forum, n.d.

      [6] I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my first supervisor, Prof. Dr. Michael Staack, for his continuous support throughout the entire research process. I also would like to thank my second supervisor, Prof. Dr. Sven Gareis, for his highly appreciated input and extensive feedback. Moreover, I am especially grateful to those people who have always encouraged me ‘to keep calm, and carry on’ with the project and to overcome each hurdle on this stony path, particularly my parents, Hildegard and Manfred, my brother, Marc, and my girlfriend, Louisa. This book could not have been completed without their invaluable help and support.

      Table of Contents

       List of Tables

       List of Figures

       List of Abbreviations

       Introduction

       1. Research Interest and Relevance

       2. Analytical and Theoretical Framework

       2.1 A Conceptualization of Respect

       2.1.1 Respect: Definitions, Related Concepts and Implications

       2.1.2 Face (Work) and its General Role in China

       2.2 The Hypotheses

       2.2.1 Hypothesis I: ‘China’s self-ascribed status and identity conceptions were subject to change between 2007 and 2016’ …. 43

       2.2.2 Hypothesis II: ‘Chinese disrespect experiences in the context of the SCS dispute are severe and have been increasing over time’

       2.2.3 Hypothesis III: ‘A causal correlation between (dis)respect experiences and the type of policy recommendations and preferences advocated by FPTT scholars is plausible’

       2.2.4 The Hypotheses: Summary

       2.3 Operationalization of Respect and Disrespect

       2.3.1 Reference Points and Respect Indicators

       2.3.2 Literal Usage

       2.3.3 References to Status and Social Importance

       2.3.4 References to Rights

       2.3.5 References to Dominant National Identity Narratives

       2.3.6 Emotional Critique

       2.3.7 Reliance on Minor Issues

       2.4 Think Tanks as Research Subjects