Applications and Metrology at Nanometer-Scale 2. Abdelkhalak El Hami

      

Table of Contents

      1  Cover

      2  Title Page

      3  Copyright

      4  Preface

      5  Introduction

      6  1 Measurement Systems Using Polarized Light 1.1. Introduction 1.2. Matrix optics 1.3. Photon emission and detection 1.4. Application exercises on interferometry 1.5. Appendices 1.6. Conclusion

      7  2 Quantum-scale Interaction 2.1. Introduction 2.2. The spin through the Dirac equation 2.3. The density matrix for a two-level laser system 2.4. Ising’s phenomenological model for cooperative effects

      8  3 Quantum Optics and Quantum Computers 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Polarized light in quantum mechanics 3.3. Introduction to quantum computers 3.4. Preparing a qubit 3.5. Application: interaction of a qubit with a classical field 3.6. Applying Ramsey fringes to evaluate the duration of phase coherence

      9  4 Reliability-based Design Optimization of Structures 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Deterministic optimization 4.3. Reliability analysis 4.4. Reliability-based design optimization 4.5. Applications 4.6. Reliability-based design optimization in nanotechnology 4.7. Conclusion

      10  Appendix: Short Overview of Quantum Mechanics

      11  References

      12  Index

      13  End User License Agreement

       List of Illustrations

      1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1. Crossing of a plane diopter for n1<n2 and n1>n2. For a colo...Figure 1.2. Light radiation or vector radius of parameters r and θ. For a color ...Figure 1.3. Transfer matrix in an isotropic and homogeneous mediumFigure 1.4. Transfer matrix at the crossing of a diopterFigure 1.5. Optical transfer matrices of different centered systemsFigure 1.6. Optical assembly for a telescope in a lidarFigure 1.7. Transmission of a Gaussian beam by a thin lensFigure 1.8. Optical mounting of mirrors and retro-reflectorsFigure 1.9. Light polarization states. For a color version of this figure, see w...Figure 1.10. Electric field vibrations in the polarization plane as a function o...Figure 1.11. Electric field vibration after a linear polarizer. For a color vers...Figure 1.12. Vibration of the electric field after a linear polarizer and differ...Figure 1.13. Electric field vibration after a rotator. For a color version of th...Figure 1.14. Combination of three devices. For a color version of this figure, s...Figure 1.15. Cross polarizers. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste....Figure 1.16. Probability distribution for a thermal source. For a color version ...Figure 1.17. Probability distribution for a coherent source. For a color version...Figure 1.18. Light detectionFigure 1.19. Beam splitter devicesFigure 1.20. Diagram of an interferometer. For a color version of this figure, s...Figure 1.21. Diagram of a Fabry–Pérot cavity. For a color version of this figure...Figure 1.22. Schematic diagram of the device of a lambda meter. For a color vers...Reminder: Figure 1.22. Schematic diagram of the device of a lambda meterReminder: Figure 1.22. Schematic diagram of the device of a lambda meterFigure 1.23. Diagram of the light path and reference axesFigure 1.24. Coordinate axes for p wave and s wave. For a color version of this ...Figure 1.25. Diagram of a homodyne interferometer and of the paths s and p. For ...Figure 1.26. Diagram of the interferometric measurement device. For a color vers...Figure 1.27. Laser interferometer: a) homodyne and b) heterodyne. For a color ve...Figure 1.28. Dimensional metrology. For a color version of this figure, see www....Figure 1.29. Heterodyne laser interferometer with cube corners. For a color