Wind Energy Handbook. Michael Barton Graham

n>

      Table of Contents

      1  Cover

      2  Title Page

      3  Copyright

      4  About the Authors

      5  Preface to Second Edition

      6  Preface to Third Edition

      7  Acknowledgements for the First Edition

      8  Acknowledgements for the Second Edition

      9  Acknowledgements for the Third Edition

      10  List of Symbols

      11  Figures C1 and C2 – coordinate systems

      12  1 Introduction 1.1 Historical development of wind energy 1.2 Modern wind turbines 1.3 Scope of the book References Websites Further Reading

      13  2 The wind resource 2.1 The nature of the wind 2.2 Geographical variation in the wind resource 2.3 Long‐term wind speed variations 2.4 Annual and seasonal variations 2.5 Synoptic and diurnal variations 2.6 Turbulence 2.7 Gust wind speeds 2.8 Extreme wind speeds 2.9 Wind speed prediction and forecasting 2.10 Turbulence in complex terrain References

      14  3 Aerodynamics of horizontal axis wind turbines Author's note on aerodynamics 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The actuator disc concept 3.3 Rotor disc theory 3.4 Vortex cylinder model of the actuator disc 3.5 Rotor blade theory (blade‐element/momentum theory) 3.6 Actuator line theory, including radial variation 3.7 Breakdown of the momentum theory 3.8 Blade geometry 3.9 The effects of a discrete number of blades 3.10 Stall delay 3.11 Calculated results for an actual turbine 3.12 The performance curves 3.13 Constant rotational speed operation 3.14 Pitch regulation 3.15 Comparison of measured with theoretical performance 3.16 Estimation of energy capture 3.17 Wind turbine aerofoil design 3.18 Add‐ons (including blade modifications independent of the main structure) 3.19 Aerodynamic noise References Websites Further Reading Appendix A3 Lift and drag of aerofoils Note

      15  4 Further aerodynamic topics for wind turbines 4.1 Introduction 4.2 The aerodynamics of turbines in steady yaw 4.3 Circular wing theory applied to a rotor in yaw 4.4 Unsteady flow 4.5 Unsteady aerofoil aerodynamics 4.6 Dynamic stall 4.7 Computational fluid dynamics References Further Reading Note

      16  5 Design loads for HAWTs 5.1 National and international standards 5.2 Basis for design loads 5.3 Turbulence and wakes 5.4 Extreme loads 5.5 Fatigue loading 5.6 Stationary blade loading 5.7 Blade loads during operation 5.8 Blade dynamic response 5.9 Blade fatigue stresses 5.10