Gender and Assimilation in Modern Jewish History. Paula E. Hyman

as well as historical case studies, see Joan Wallach Scott, Gender and the Politics of History (New York: Columbia University Press, 1988).

      5. For an elaboration of a sociological interpretation of assimilation, see Milton Gordon, Assimilation in American Life: The Role of Race, Religion and National Origins (New York: Oxford University Press, 1964). This work has had an enormous influence on modern Jewish historians, especially those educated in the United States. For one of the first studies sensitive to the distinction between acculturation and integration, see Todd Endelman, The Jews of Georgian England: Tradition and Change in a Liberal Society (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1979).

      6. [Adolphe] Thiéry, Dissertation sur cette question: Est-il des moyens de rendre les Juifs plus heureux et plus utiles en France? (Paris, 1788), p. 66; reprinted in facsimile in La Révolution française et l’émancipation des Juifs (Paris: Editions d’Histoire Sociale, 1968), vol. 2.

      7. Berr Isaac Berr, “Lettre d’un citoyen, membre de la ci-devant Communauté des Juifs de Lorraine, à ses confrères, à l’occasion du droit du Citoyen actif, rendu aux Juifs par le décret du 28 septembre 1791” (Nancy, 1791); reprinted in La Révolution française et l’émancipation des Juifs (Paris: Editions d’Histoire Sociale, 1968), 8:16–17.

      8. See the sources cited in n. 2.

      9. Jacob Toury, “Der Eintritt der Juden ins deutsche Bürgertum,” in Das Judentum in der deutschen Umwelt, 1800–1850, ed. Hans Liebeschütz and Arnold Paucker (Tübingen: Mohr, 1977), pp. 139–242.

      10. See Michael Marrus, The Politics of Assimilation: A Study of the French Jewish Community at the Time of the Dreyfus Affair (New York: Oxford University Press, 1971), pp. 35–45; Marsha Rozenblit, The Jews of Vienna, 1867–1914: Assimilation and Community (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1983), pp. 1–2; Steven Beller, Vienna and the Jews, 1867–1938: A Cultural History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989); Robert S. Wistrich, The Jews of Vienna in the Age of Franz Joseph (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989); Calvin Goldscheider and Alan Zuckerman, The Transformation of the Jews (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984), pp. 44–49, 85–90.

      11. I am relying here on the analysis of Marion Kaplan found in her “Tradition and Transition,” and “Priestess and Hausfrau,” as well as in her book The Making of the Jewish Middle Class.

      12. Todd M. Endelman, “Introduction,” in Jewish Apostasy in the Modern World, ed. Todd M. Endelman (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1987), p. 13.

      13. Todd M. Endelman, “The Social and Political Context of Conversion in Germany and England,” in ibid., p. 90.

      14. Deborah Hertz, “Seductive Conversion in Berlin, 1770–1809,” in ibid., pp. 58, 64, 67.

      15. For a compelling analysis of this group and their social context, see Deborah Hertz, Jewish High Society in Old Regime Berlin (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988).

      16. Michael A. Meyer, The Origins of the Modern Jew (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1967), pp. 85–114; Jacob Katz, Out of the Ghetto (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1973), pp. 56, 120.

      17. Hertz, Jewish High Society in Old Regime Berlin.

      18. Kaplan, The Making of the Jewish Middle Class, pp. 69–84.

      19. For an account of this dispute, see Peter Gay, Freud: A Life for Our Time (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988), p. 54.

      20. Anna Kronthal, Posner Mübekuchen: Jugend Erinnerungen einer Posnerin (Munich, 1932), p. 27, as cited in Kaplan, “Priestess and Hausfrau,” p. 71.