Vernacular Voices. Kirsten A. Fudeman

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      Vernacular Voices

      JEWISH CULTURE AND CONTEXTS

      Published in association with the Herbert D. Katz Center for Advanced Judaic Studies of the University of Pennsylvania

      David B. Ruderman, Series Editor

       Advisory Board

      Richard I. Cohen

      Moshe Idel

      Alan Mintz

      Deborah Dash Moore

      Ada Rapoport-Albert

      Michael D. Swartz

      A complete list of books in the series is available from the publisher.

       Vernacular Voices

      Language and Identity in Medieval French Jewish Communities

      Kirsten A. Fudeman

      UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA PRESS

      PHILADELPHIA · OXFORD

      Copyright © 2010 University of Pennsylvania Press

      All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations used for purposes of review or scholarly citation, none of this book may be reproduced in any form by any means without written permission from the publisher.

      Published by

      University of Pennsylvania Press

      Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4112

      Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper

      10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

      Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

      Fudeman, Kirsten Anne.

      Vernacular voices : language and identity in medieval French Jewish communities / Kirsten A. Fudeman.

      p. cm. — (Jewish culture and contexts)

      Includes bibliographical references and index.

      ISBN 978-0-8122-4250-8 (hardcover : alk. paper)

      1. Hebrew language, Medieval—France. 2. Jews— France—Languages—History. 3. Jews—France—Identity. 4. Jews—France—History—To 1500. I. Title.

      PJ4995.F8F83 2010

      492.4′7—dc22

      2009050751

       For Alexander and Gregory

      CONTENTS

       Notes on Translations and Transcription and Typographical Conventions

       List of Abbreviations

       Introduction: The Medieval French Jewish Community in Its Linguistic Context

       Chapter 1. Language and Identity

       Chapter 2. Speech and Silence, Male and Female in Jewish-Christian Relations: Blois, 1171

       Chapter 3. Texts of Two Colors

       Chapter 4. Hebrew-French Wedding Songs: Expressions of Identity

       Epilogue

       Appendix 1. Hebraico-French Glosses and Texts

       Appendix 2. The Medieval Jewish Wedding Song ‘Uri liqra’ti yafah, gentis kallah einoreie

       Notes

       Bibliography

       Index

       Acknowledgments

      NOTES ON TRANSLATIONS AND TRANSCRIPTION AND TYPOGRAPHICAL CONVENTIONS

      Translations from French and Hebrew, both medieval and modern, are mine, unless otherwise noted. A general exception is Bible verses, for which I generally chose the NRSV (New Revised Standard Version) or NJPS (Tanakh: The Holy Scriptures. The New JPS Translation According to the Traditional Hebrew Text) translation, duly identified, after comparing them to the Hebrew.

      Different types of texts seemed to require different presentations. For Hebrew texts containing only one or two isolated French glosses, I chose to present the Hebrew text along with an English translation, inserting the French word or words in the translation between square brackets. For texts containing significant portions in both Hebrew and French, I present the Hebrew-letter transcription, a transliteration of the Hebrew integrated with romanization of the Old French, and finally an English translation. Where a Hebrew text is readily available, I present only the English translation. Particularly in block quotes, I use small capitals to identify transliterations and translations of Hebrew portions and differentiate them from romanization and translations of French. In Hebrew texts, [!] indicates sic, and a rafe (horizontal line above a letter) does double duty for rafe and a scribal mark resembling an inverted circumflex. Square brackets enclose editorial emendations or explanations, and parentheses letters or words to be subtracted.

      Strict transliteration, when provided, has been carried out according to the table of equivalences reproduced here. Although two transliteration symbols are used twice (s for samekh and sin, t for tet and taw), medieval Jews’ general avoidance of samekh and taw for writing French words leads to a one-to-one correspondence of transliteration symbols and Hebrew letters in the strict transliteration of French. Final and non-final forms of Hebrew letters are not differentiated in strict transliteration because their distribution is regular.

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’	aleph	l	lamed
b	bet	m	mem
g	gimel	n	nun
ğ	gimel with scribal mark (inverted circumflex)	ň	nun with scribal mark (inverted circumflex)
d	dalet	s	samekh
h	he	‘	ayin
w