Social Monitoring for Public Health. Michael J. Paul

       2 Public Health: A Primer

       2.1 The Public Health Cycle

       2.1.1 Public Health Surveillance

       2.2 Sources of Data

       2.2.1 Limitations of Traditional Data

       2.2.2 Opportunities for Social Monitoring

       3 Social Data

       3.1 What is Social Data?

       3.2 Monitoring of Social Data

       3.2.1 Active vs. Passive Monitoring

       3.2.2 Types of Users

       3.3 Types of Platforms

       3.3.1 General-purpose Social Media

       3.3.2 Domain-specific Social Media

       3.3.3 Search and Browsing Activity

       3.3.4 Crowds and Markets

       3.3.5 Comparison of Platforms

       3.4 Types of Data

       3.4.1 Content

       3.4.2 Metadata

       3.4.3 Social Network Structure

       3.5 Data Collection

       4 Methods of Monitoring

       4.1 Quantitative Analysis

       4.1.1 Content Analysis and Filtering

       4.1.2 Trend Inference

       4.1.3 Individual Analysis

       4.1.4 Validation

       4.2 Qualitative Analysis

       4.2.1 Validation

       4.3 Study Design

       4.3.1 Study Population

       4.3.2 Causality

       4.3.3 Cross-sectional vs. Longitudinal Analysis

       5 Public Health Applications

       5.1 Disease Surveillance

       5.1.1 Influenza

       5.1.2 Other Infectious Diseases

       5.1.3 Non-infectious Diseases and Chronic Illness

       5.1.4 Systems and Resources

       5.2 Behavioral Medicine

       5.2.1 Diet and Fitness

       5.2.2 Substance Use

       5.2.3 Disease Prevention and Awareness

       5.3 Environmental and Urban Health

       5.3.1 Disaster and Emergency Response

       5.3.2 Foodborne Illness

       5.3.3 Air Quality

       5.3.4 Climate Change

       5.3.5 Gun Violence

       5.4 Healthcare Quality and Safety

       5.4.1 Healthcare Quality

       5.4.2 Medication Safety

       5.5 Mental Health

       5.5.1 Depression

       5.5.2 Suicide and Self-harm

       5.5.3 Mood

       5.5.4 Other Mental Health Issues

       6 Limitations and Concerns

       6.1 Methodological Limitations

       6.1.1 Limitations of Self-reported Data

       6.1.2 Sampling and Sample Size

       6.1.3 Reliability of Third-party Data

       6.1.4 Adversarial Concerns

       6.1.5 Bias

       6.2 Actionability Concerns

       6.2.1 Current Use by Practitioners

       6.2.2 Reliability of Web Intelligence

       6.2.3 Utility of Web Intelligence

       6.2.4 Decisions and Interventions

       6.3 Ethical Considerations

       6.3.1 Public Data

       6.3.2 User Interaction

       6.3.3 Guidelines for Ethical Research

       7 Looking Ahead

       Bibliography

       Authors’ Biographies

       Preface

      In October of 2010, Michael was a new computer science Ph.D. student at Johns Hopkins, Mark was his research adviser, and we were both attending the conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing