Global Governance of Oil and Gas Resources in the International Legal Perspective. Joanna Osiejewicz

resources can be described as materials taken from natural wealth that can be renewable or non-renewable and can be used to meet the needs of human beings and other living species.¹²⁵ Both “wealth and natural resources” and “natural resources” are subject to the principle of permanent sovereignty over natural resources. Oil and gas resources meet the criteria for inclusion in the above conceptual ranges.

11 International Court of Justice, Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda), Judgment of 19 December 2005, ICJ Reports 2005, p. 168, https://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/116/116-20051219-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf (2020-01-09). See more: Gawłowicz I., Dyplomatyczne aspekty sporu między Demokratyczną Republiką Konga a Ugandą przed Międzynarodowym Trybunałem Sprawiedliwości, (in:) Aktualne problemy konstytucji: Księga Jubileuszowa z okazji 40-lecia pracy naukowej Profesora Bogusława Banaszaka, Legnica 2017, p. 150—166.

12 S. Hobe, Evolution of the Principle on Permanent Sovereignty Over Natural Resources. From Soft Law to a Customary Law Principle?, (in:) M. Bungenberg, S. Hobe (ed.), Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources, Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015, p. 3.

13 J. Tyranowski, Ekonomiczne aspekty suwerenności i samostanowienia we współczesnym prawie międzynarodowym (zagadnienia podstawowe), RPEiS 1992, No. 1, p. 32.

14 Charter of the United Nations and the Statute of the International Court of Justice, San Francisco 1945, https://treaties.un.org/doc/publication/ctc/uncharter.pdf (2018-07-21).

15 See para. 5 Atlantic Charter. Declaration of Principles issued by the President of the United States and the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_16912.htm (2018-11-26).

16 Art. I (iii), International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, IBRD Articles of Agreement, http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTABOUTUS/Resources/ibrd-articlesofagreement.pdf (2016-11-26).

17 Art. I (ii), Articles of Agreement of the International Monetary Fund, https://www .imf.org/external/pubs/ft/aa/ (2018-11-26).

18 F.A.O. International Timber Conference: Marianske Lazne April-May 1947, Empire Forestry Review 26 1947, p. 286–288, http://www.jstor.org/stable/42599651 (2018-11-26).

19 Memorandum by the Department of Exact and Natural Sciences, NS/UNR/1, 10.11.1948, http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0015/001547/154751eb.pdf (2020-01-09).

20 150 – Proclamation 2667—Policy of the United States With Respect to the Natural Resources of the Subsoil and Sea Bed of the Continental Shelf, September 1928, 1945, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=12332 (2018-11-26).

21 Art. 3 (ii), No 17458, Chile, Ecuador and Peru Declaration on the maritime zone. Signed at Santiago on 18 August 1952, https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%201006/volume-1006-I-14758-English.pdf (2018-11-26).

22 More on this topic: J. Tyranowski, Ekonomiczne aspekty suwerenności…, op. cit., p. 25–40.

23 Sentence 1 of the Preamble, UNGA resolution of 12 January 1952, 523 (VI), Integrated economic development and commercial agreements, https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/067/78/IMG/NR006778.pdf?OpenElement (2018-11-26).

24 Ibidem, No. 1 (b).

25 UNGA resolution of 21 December 1952, 626 (VII), Right to exploit freely natural wealth and resources, http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/7/ares7.htm (2018-11-26).

26 Ibidem, sentence 3 of the Preamble. See also: R. Andrzejczuk, Stała suwerenność nad zasobami i bogactwami naturalnymi, Roczniki Nauk Prawnych VIII/1998, p. 5–40.

27 UNGA resolution of 12 December 1958, 1314 (XIII), Recommendations concerning international respect for the right of peoples and nations to self-determination, A/RES/1314, http://www.refworld.org/docid/3b00f1e420.html (2018-11-26).

28 UNGA resolution of 14 December 1962, 1803 (XVII), Permanent sovereignty over natural resources, http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/17/ares17.htm (2018-11-26). See also: S. M. Schwebel, The Story of the U.N.’s Declaration on Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources, American Bar Association Journal 49/1963, p. 463–469.

29 Compare: S. Hobe, Evolution of the Principle…, op. cit., p. 18.

30 UNGA resolution of 14 December 1960, 1514 (XV), Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/152/88/IMG/NR015288.pdf?OpenElement (2018-11-26).

31 R. J. Dupuy in the judgment: Sole arbitrator R.-J. Dupuy, Texaco Overseas Petroleum Co. and California Asiatic Oil Co. v. Government of Libyan Arab Republic, Judgment of 1977, reprinted in 17 ILM (1978), p. 3–37, https://www.trans-lex.org/261700/_/texaco-overseas-petroleum-company-v-the-government-of-the-libyan-arab-republic-yca-1979-at-177-et-seq-/ (2018-07-28).

32 United