Sports Diplomacy. Michał Marcin Kobierecki

“Rola wielkich wydarzeń sportowych i kulturowych w promowaniu wizerunku miast i państw” [The Role of Great Sports and Cultural Eventsin Promoting the Image of Cities and States], in Public Relations: Aktualne zagadnienia sztuki komunikowania w teorii i praktyce [Public Relations: Current Issues of the Art of Communication in Theory and Practive], ed. Renata Maćkowska and Henryk Przybylski (Katowice: Wydawnictwo Akademii Ekonomicznej, 2009), 89–90.

      83. Danyel Reiche, Success and Failure of Countries at the Olympic Games (New York: Routledge, 2016), 54.

      84. Alan Bairner, Sport, Nationalism, and Globalization: European and North American Perspectives (Albany: Suny, 2001), 18.

      85. Dionne L. Koller, “How the United States Government Sacrifices Athlete’s Constitutional Rights in the Pursuit of National Prestige,” Bringham Young University Law Review (2008): 1469.

      86. Simon Anholt, “The Anholt-GfK Roper Nation Brands Index SM 2009 Report,” 24, accessed May 24, 2017, https://www.eda.admin.ch/content/dam/eda/de/documents/topics/Switzerland_2009_NBI_Report_08-31-2009.pdf.

      87. Michał M. Kobierecki and Piotr Strożek, “Sport as a Factor of Nation Branding: A Quantitative Approach,” The International Journal of the History of Sport 34, nos. 7–8 (2017): 697–712.

      88. Reiche, Success, 54.

      89. Houlihan, “Politics and Sport,” 216.

      90. Simon Shibli, Jerry Bingham, and Ian Henry, “Measuring the Sporting Success of Nations,” in Transnational and Comparative Research in Sport: Globalization, Governance and Sport Policy, ed. Ian Henry et al. (London: Routledge, 2007), 64; Verle De Bosscher, Paul de Knop, Maarten van Bottenburg, and Simon Shibli, “A Conceptual Framework for Analysing Sports Policy Factors Leading to International Sporting Success,” European Sport Management Quarterly 6, no. 2 (2006): 186–187.

      91. Hereźniak, Marka, 77.

      92. R.S. Zaharna, “Mapping out a Spectrum of Public Diplomacy Initiatives: Information and Relational Communication Frameworks, in Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy, ed. Nancy Snow and Philip M. Taylor (New York: Routledge, 2009), 94.

      93. Suzanne Dowse, “Mega Sports Events as Political Ttools: A Case Study of South Africa’s Hosting of the 2010 FIFA Football World Cup,” in Sport and Diplomacy: Games within Games, ed. J. Simon Rofe (Manchester, Manchester University Press), 70.

      94. Joseph Nye Jr., “Hard, Soft and Smart Power,” in The Oxford Handbook of Modern Diplomacy, ed. Andrew F. Cooper, Jorge Heine, and Ramesh Thakur (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013), 570.

      95. Laurence Chalip and Carla A. Costa, “Sport Event Tourism and the Destination Brand: Towards a General Theory,” Sport in Society 8, no. 2 (2005): 219.

      96. Simon Anholt, Competitive Identity: The New Brand Management for Nations, Cities and Regions (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2007), 108–109.

      97. Palmer, Global Sports, 105.

      98. Marijke Taks, “The Rise and Fall of Mega Sport Events: The Future Is in Non-Mega Sport Events,” in Ethics and Governance in Sport: The Future of Sport Imagined, ed. Yves Vanden Auweele, Elaine Cook, and Jim Parry (London: Routledge, 2016), 85.

      99. Choong-Ki Lee, Tracy Taylor, Yong-Ki Lee, and Bongkoo Lee, “The Impact of a Sport Mega-Event on Destination Image,” International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration 6, no. 3 (2005): 28–29.

      100. Agata Dembek and Renata Włoch, “The Impact of a Sports Mega-Event on the International Image of a Country: The Case of Poland Hosting UEFA Euro 2012,” Perspectives 22, no. 1 (2014): 35.

      101. Marcin Widomski, “The Olympic Games in the Creation of the Image of the Host Country and City,” Historia i Polityka, 23, no. 16 (2016): 46.

      102. Jonathan Grix, Paul M. Brannagan, and Barrie Houlihan, “Interrogating States’ Soft Power Strategies: A Case Study of Sports Mega-Events in Brazil and the UK,” Global Society 29, no. 3 (2015): 468.

      103. Xin Zhong, Shuhua Zhou, Bin Shen, and Chao Huang, “Shining a Spotlight on Public Diplomacy: Chinese Media Coverage on the Opening Ceremony of the 2012 London Olympics,” The International Journal of the History of Sport 30, no. 4 (2013): 396–397.

      104. Holger Preuss, “The Olympic Games: Winners and Losers,” in Sport and Society: A Student Introduction, ed. Barrie Houlihan (Los Angeles: SAGE 2008), 424.

      105. Jonathan Grix and Paul M. Brannagan, “Of Mechanisms and Myths: Conceptualising States’ “Soft Power” Strategies through Sports Mega-Events,” Diplomacy & Statecraft 27, no. 2 (2016): 252.

      106. Preuss, “The Olympic,” 423–425.

      107. Qinqin Dong and Geert Duysters, “Research on the Co-Branding and Match-Up of Mega-Sports Event and Host City,” The International Journal of the History of Sport 32, no. 8 (2015): 1099.

      108. Guillaume Bodet and Marie-Françoise Lacassagne, “International Place Branding through Sporting Events: A British Perspective of the 2008 Beijing Olympics,” European Sport Management Quarterly 12, no. 4 (2012): 358–359.

      109. Andrew Lepp and Heather Gibson, “Reimaging a Nation: South Africa and the 2010 World Cup,” in Sport, Tourism and National Identities, ed. John Harris (London: Routledge, 2014), 32.

      110. Jonathan Grix and Barrie Houlihan, “Sports Mega-Events as Part of a Nation’s Soft Power Strategy: The Cases of Germany (2006) and the UK (2012),” The British Journal of Politics and International Relations 16 (2014): 573.

      111. Ociepka, Miękka siła, 180.

      112. Beatriz Garcia, “One Hundred Years of Cultural Programming within the Olympic Games (1912–2012): Origins, Evolution and Projections,” International Journal of Cultural Policy 14, no. 4 (2008): 365.

      113. Chris Arning, “Soft Power, Ideology and Symbolic Manipulation in Summer Olympic Games Opening Ceremonies: A Semiotic Analysis,” Social Semiotics 23, no. 4 (2013): 524.

      114. Panagiotopoulou, “Hosting,” 152.

      115. Milena M. Parent and Sharon Smith-Swan, Managing Major Sports Events: Theory and Practice (London: Routledge, 2013), 205.

      116. Paul M. Brannagan and Richard Giulianotti, “Soft Power and Soft Disempowerment: Qatar, Global Sport and Football’s 2022 World Cup Finals,” Leisure Studies 34 (2015): 706.

      117. Nye, “Public Diplomacy,” 95.

      118. Houlihan, “Politics and Sport,” 219.

      119. Barrie Houlihan and Jinming Zheng, “Small States: Sport and Politics at the Margin,” International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics 7, no. 3 (2014): 334.

      120. Danyel Reiche, “Investing in Sporting Success as a Domestic and Foreign Policy Tool: The Case of Qatar,” International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics 7, no. 4 (2015): 495.

      121. Murray, Sports Diplomacy: Origins, 135, 143.

      122. Surmacz, Ewolucja, 375.

      123. Murray and Pigman, “Mapping,” 1099.

      124. Ibid., 1107–1108, 1110.

      125. Bárbara S. de Almeida, Wanderley Marchi Júnior, and Elizabeth Pike, “The 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Games and Brazil’s Soft Power,” Contemporary Social Science 9, no. 2 (2014): 273.

      126. Beacom, International Diplomacy, 36.

      127. Ibid.

      128. Enric Ordeix-Rigo and João Duarte, “From Public Diplomacy to Corporate Diplomacy: Increasing Corporation’s Legitimacy and Influence,” American Behavioral Scientist 53, no. 4 (2009): 559.

Chapter 2