Fra Angelico. Stephan Beissel
Читать онлайн.| Название | Fra Angelico |
|---|---|
| Автор произведения | Stephan Beissel |
| Жанр | Религия: прочее |
| Серия | Temporis |
| Издательство | Религия: прочее |
| Год выпуска | 0 |
| isbn | 978-1-78310-759-9, 978-1-78042-984-7 |
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Fra Angelico’s Early Training and his Work in Cortona and Perugia
1. Annunciatory Angel, 1450–1455. Tempera and gold on wood panel, 33 × 27 cm. The Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit.
2. The Annunciation (depicted in an historied initial “R”, detail from a missel), c. 1423. Biblioteca del convento di San Marco, Florence.
At the beginning of the fifteenth century, the Dominican convent of Fiesole had a lively intellectual atmosphere. The convent was founded in 1406 by the Blessed Giovanni di Dominici Bacchini, (who later became the Archbishop of Ragusa and, in 1419, a cardinal,) in order to reestablish the former discipline and strictness of the Dominican order in the spirit of Saint Dominic. Members of the observant monasteries were expected to consecrate themselves to the saving of souls not only through study, science, and preaching, but also through applied artistic labour. Exiled from Venice, Giovanni arrived in Città di Castello near Arezzo in 1399. From there he was summoned to preach in the cathedral of Florence for Lent. San Lapo Mazzei wrote to a friend after hearing one of Giovanni’s sermons, and summarized his impressions in the following terms, “I was at Santa Liparata (the cathedral) where a Dominican friar was supposed to preach, and where he did indeed preach. I assure you that I have never heard a sermon like it, nor been so moved by so much eloquence… Everyone cried or seemed to be struck dumb and in a stupor listening to the pure Truth… He spoke of the Incarnation of God in a manner that ripped the soul from one’s body, compelling everyone present to chase after him.”[1]
Day by day, the morals of the populace purified, and the Dominici’s influence grew. In 1405, the Bishop of Fiesole gave him the land needed to build a convent and a church, and their construction was begun immediately. In 1406, religious zeal entered the establishment in the form of thirteen monks. Soon, many of the most fervent novices came to the convent in hopes of entering the Order. In 1405, the sixteen-year-old Antoninus, who would later become the bishop of Florence, († 1459), presented himself to Dominici. When asked about the nature of his studies, Antoninus showed a marked preference for canon law. Dominici responded that in the Dominican Order, novices were only admitted to this sort of study if they had already learned the Decretum Gratiani by heart. “Go then my son,” said Dominici, “And learn them. Once you know it, you can ask for admission in complete confidence.”[2]
The young Antoninus left and returned. Once Antoninus was admitted to the Order, the Father Superior sent him to Cortona, where the Blessed Lorenzo di Ripafratta had directed the novitiates of the Observant Dominicans since 1409. In 1408, two brothers knocked on the door of Fiesole’s convent, also requesting admission. The elder of the two, Guido (Guidolino), was twenty-one years old. The younger was only eighteen. Their father, Pietro, lived in village near the fortified castle of Vicchio, situated between Dicomano and Borgo San Lorenzo in the Tuscan region of Mugello, not far from where Giotto was born. Undoubtedly, these young men were also asked about their previous education, and were only admitted into the house of the Observant Dominicans once they had proven their aptitude. It so happened that the older brother had real talent as a painter, and that the younger brother was a calligrapher. At that time, Dominici was no longer in Fiesole, for in 1406, the Republic of Florence had entrusted him with a mission to Rome. Once Dominici arrived in the Eternal City, Pope Gregory XII became very attached to him. On May 12, 1409, he made Dominici a cardinal. Dominici’s successor in Fiesole gave a warm welcome to the two hopeful Dominicans; he gave them habits and named the elder Fra Giovanni (Petri del Mugello) and the younger Fra Benedetto (Petri del Mugello). He then sent them to Cortona, where as novices they were to live a life of penitence and prayer for one year. In order to understand the novitiate and the spirit that would later drive Fra Giovanni (Angelico), this passage by Dominici seems particularly apt: “I do not consider to be a good novice he who always walks with lowered eyes, who recites a long series of Psalms, who never makes mistakes when singing in the choir, who is silent and lives in peace with his brothers; nor he who loves his cell and chastises his body with discipline, who often fasts and carefully avoids contact with the outside world, giving himself over to the habits of ascetic life, and viewed by the beginners as saintliness itself. All of this is not enough. I consider a good novice to be he who perfectly, and with all of his strength, carries out the legitimate will of his superiors.” Rösler adds, “The complete renunciation of the world and oneself, the fulfillment of all of the rule’s prescriptions, the active and fervent love of God and one’s neighbor with one’s eyes always fixed on the model left by Jesus, the active desire for union with Christ; these are the foundations of a perfect life in the footsteps of Saint Dominic.”[3]
3. Simone Martini, Maestà (detail), 1317. Fresco. Sala del Mappamondo, Palazzo Pubblico, Siena.
4. Duccio di Buoninsegna, Maestà (detail). Tempera on wood panel, 370 × 450 cm. Museo dell’Opera del Duomo, Siena.
5. The Coronation of the Virgin, c. 1420. Tempera on wood panel, 28.3 × 38.4 cm. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland.
6. The Ascension (one of 35 paintings for the Silver Treasury of Santissima Annunziata), c. 1450. Tempera on wood panel, 39 × 39 cm. Museo di San Marco, Florence.
The life and work of Fra Giovanni prove that the teachings of his novitiate always served as his rule. Consequently, he completed the first period of his monastic education with success. A beautiful anecdote from Vasari reveals just how much Fra Angelico, even in old age, kept a novice’s simplicity and candor. Pope Nicholas V held Fra Giovanni in high esteem, and finding the artist tired, almost exhausted by his work, offered him a dish of meat to restore his energy. Unfortunately, this took place on a day when the Dominicans of the recent Reform were forbidden from eating meat. The artist thanked the sovereign Pontiff, and excused himself due to the rule of his Order, which did not allow him to eat such food without the authorisation of his superior. He had forgotten that an offer made by the Pope implied permission from the highest authority and rendered his superior superfluous. This story attests to the extreme conscientiousness of Fra Giovanni. Vasari gives another example of his submission: “He was never angry with his fellow Dominicans; he responded with great affability to all who asked for his work, requesting they first come to an agreement with his superiors. For him, good will was not a weakness.” He did not work or act without the permission of his superiors, and all that he received for his work went into their hands. In studying the life of this artist, it is necessary to never forget the severe discipline of his novitiate, which alone allowed him to understand and estimate his works in all their value. The natural goodness of Fra Angelico and the mystical tendencies of his century are not enough to explain his images. “Without Dominici, there would have been no Dominican convent in Fiesole, probably no San Marco in Florence, and perhaps no Fra Angelico.”[4]
After their novitiate, the two brothers pronounced the vows that would perpetually tie them to the Dominican Order in Cortona. In 1408, they returned for some time to Fiesole, but in 1409 all the monks were forced to leave the convent and its picturesque setting. Dominici, and his followers in the Observant Dominican Order refused to recognise Pope Alexander V, who had been irregularly elected by the Council of Pisa. The Dominicans wanted to remain faithful to Gregory XII, the true leader of the Church with whom they had already sided against Benedict XIII. The Bishop of Fiesole, a member of the Council of Pisa and faithful to Alexander V, forced the monks into exile and confiscated their possessions. Most of the friars of Fiesole found refuge in the neighboring Dominican convent of Foligno where they stayed until 1414, when an outbreak of plague forced them to flee again, this time reestablishing themselves in Cortona. It is, nevertheless, possible that the Friars Petri del Mugello went to
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