The Struggle to Teach English as an International Language. Adrian Holliday

get over the difficulties of the native-non-native speaker issue, Jenkins (2000: 9–10) offers another distinction between ‘bilingual’ and ‘monolingual’ English speakers, and a third term, ‘non-bilingual English speakers’ for people who ‘are bilingual but not in English’ and likes the sense that the norm is shifted from ‘monolingual’ to ‘bilingual’. She however acknowledges that this distinction also has too many grey areas. Nevertheless, one of my email interviewees, Esmat, finds it meaningful though complex: