Твой восемнадцатый век. Натан Эйдельман

Читать онлайн.
Название Твой восемнадцатый век
Автор произведения Натан Эйдельман
Жанр История
Серия Азбука-Классика. Non-Fiction
Издательство История
Год выпуска 2014
isbn 978-5-389-11530-9



Скачать книгу

А. И. Чирикова, достигшей западных берегов Северной Америки.

      3

      Речь идет о Курильских островах и Курильском океанском течении.

      4

      То есть Ивана Антоновича, сына Антона-Ульриха.

      5

      Разница между современной системой летосчисления, в которой за начальный момент отсчета годов взято «Рождество Христово», т. е. 1 г. н. э., и старым летосчислением – от «сотворения мира» – равна 5508 годам.

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