Nā kānaka o Australia a me Oceania. Андрей Тихомиров

nd

      Pitcairnians

      Norfolk

      ʻO Palmerstonians

      nā ʻĪnia fiji

      ʻAkelika Aborigine:

      ʻAranda

      Vurungeri

      dieri

      Nā lāhui Austronesia:

      Nā kānaka o New Guinean Komohana:

      Biak

      Melanesia:

      Kanaki

      Ni-vanuatu

      Nā Fitiana

      Maikonesia:

      Kilipaki

      Kosrae (kanaka)

      Marshallese

      Nauru

      Palau

      Ponape

      Truk

      ʻO Chamorro

      ʻae

      Polenekia:

      Hawaii

      ʻO Mangareva

      marquesans

      ʻŌlelo Māori

      Moriori

      Nā Niue

      Paumothu

      Rapanui

      Nā Sāmoa

      ko Tahiti

      ko Tokelau

      Nā Tonga

      Tubuaytsy

      Tuvalu

      Uveans

      ʻO Futunans

      Nā kānaka Papuan:

      Nā Papua:

      ʻAbelama

      ʻO Asmat

      Galela

      hoʻokupu

      Korowai

      Medlpa

      Fataluku

      Chimbu (kuman)

      Ko Halmaher Akau

      Ko Halmaher Hema

      ʻO ka heluna kanaka ʻōiwi o Australia – ka Australians – i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā kānaka o ka honua e kū kaʻawale loa. Ma ka anthropologically, pili ka poʻe Australia i kekahi o nā ʻano like ʻole o ka lāhui Australoid. Ma ka ʻōlelo, ua kaʻawale nō hoʻi lākou.

      Ma mua o ka hiki ʻana mai o ka poʻe ʻEulopa i ka hopena o ke kenekulia 18. Ua noho ʻia ka poʻe Australia ma ka ʻāina nui. ʻO kā lākou helu i kēlā manawa ma kahi o 250-300 tausani kānaka. ʻO ka hoʻokele waiwai a me ka moʻomeheu o ka poʻe Australia i kēlā manawa ma kahi pae haʻahaʻa loa. Ua alakaʻi lākou i ke ola auwana, me ka ʻike ʻole i ka mahiʻai a me ka hānai pipi (ʻo ka holoholona holoholona wale nō he ʻīlio dingo hapalua hihiu). ʻO kā lākou ʻoihana nui, ʻo ka hahai holoholona ʻana a me ka ʻohi ʻana, a ma nā wahi pū kekahi. ʻO ka hahai holoholona ka hana a nā kāne. Huli pū lākou a hoʻokahi wale nō no nā kangaroo, opossums, emus, bandicoots, snake, manu, etc. ʻO ka hana nui o nā wahine ʻo ka ʻohi ʻana. Me nā lāʻau ʻoi, ʻeli nā wahine i nā aʻa a me nā ʻuala, ʻohi i nā hua a me nā hua. Aia ka lawai'a ma na kapakai o kekahi mau loko wai a ma kahakai.

      Ua hana ʻia ke ahi ma ka ʻoki ʻana i ʻelua mau ʻāpana lāʻau – kahi prototype o ka "hoʻāno" ("Holy" mai ka huaʻōlelo "light") keʻa i ka Buddhism a me ka Kristiano, ma ke ʻano o ka "ʻili" a me ka "bor". ʻO ka mea hana i nā mea hana he pōhaku, iwi, lāʻau. ʻAʻole ʻike ka poʻe Australia i nā metala. ʻO nā ʻeke, nā ʻeke, nā ʻupena, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, ua ulana ʻia mai loko mai o nā mea kanu. ʻokoʻa ka percussion a me ka pahu pahu; boomerang – he lāʻau pāpaʻi like ʻole e wehewehe ana i nā pihi ʻokoʻa i ka wā e lele ana; ākea a haiki ka pale (reflective).

      Loaʻa ʻia nā aniani ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau hikina o Australia (i ʻaiʻē ʻia mai ka poʻe Papuans). Ua auwana ko Australia poe e imi i ka ai, a i kekahi manawa wale no, i na kau o ka nui, e noho ana ma kahi hookahi. ʻO kahi hale maʻamau, he hale hemispherical a hale paha i hana ʻia me nā lālā, nā lau, nā mauʻu, a me ka ʻili. ʻAʻole ʻaʻahu ka poʻe Australia i nā lole, e kaupalena ana iā lākou iho i ka "kāʻei o ka hilahila", ʻaʻole ia e hūnā i ke ʻano o ke kino, akā no ka neʻe ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi, a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka lepo, i ʻole e ʻike ʻia ko lākou kino e nā holoholona a me nā kānaka ʻē aʻe. Ma ka hikina hema wale nō nā ʻahuʻula i hana ʻia me ka ʻili. Akā ʻokoʻa nā mea hoʻonaninani: ma waho aʻe o nā lei, nā poʻo, nā lāʻau ihu, ua hoʻonani ʻia ke kino me ke kala a me ka ʻili.

      ʻO nā manaʻoʻiʻo o ka poʻe ʻōiwi o Australia i kēia manawa ke kau nei i ka hōʻailona o ke kahua o kahi ʻoihana kūpono e pili ana i ka hopu holoholona a me ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana; ua hōʻike ʻia lākou e kahi ʻano i hōʻike maopopo ʻia o nā moʻolelo fetishistic kuʻuna. I waena o lākou hiki ke nānā i ka totemism, ua pālahalaha ʻia ka kilokilo, i ka wā embryonic – shamanism, manaʻoʻiʻo i nā ʻuhane, ka hoʻomana o nā poʻe ʻohana, i manaʻo ʻia e noho ana i ka lani. Ma ka wehewehe ʻana i ka manaʻoʻiʻo o ka poʻe Australia ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa, ʻae ka poʻe noiʻi ʻaʻohe o lākou manaʻoʻiʻo i ke ola ʻana o kahi honua kupua kūikawā, ʻaʻole naʻe ka māhele o ka honua i ke kūlohelohe a me ke kupua. He ikaika loa ka manawa o ka honua werewolf i kēia mau manaʻoʻiʻo. Manaʻo ka Australian me ke kōkua o nā hana kilokilo hiki iā ia ke hoʻopili pololei i nā mea waiwai. Ma ka manao o ko Australian aborigines, aole he hoomana aloha, aole pule, aka, e lanakila ana na pule, aole mohai, aole hale kapu a me na luakini, aohe kahuna. ʻOiai ʻo ka manaʻoʻiʻo i ka ʻuhane a me ka ʻuhane (animism) i kona wā kamaliʻi wale nō, ʻaʻole i hoʻokumu ʻia nā manaʻo e pili ana i ke ola ma hope. Ua manaʻo ka poʻe ʻōiwi o Australia e make ka ʻuhane ma hope koke o ka make ʻana o ke kanaka.

      ʻO nā poʻe o nā mokupuni ʻo Melanesia, e pili ana me nā kamaʻāina o Australia, me he mea lā, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ke alapiʻi o ka ulu ʻana o ka nohona. Ma mua o ka hōʻea ʻana mai o ka poʻe keʻokeʻo, ʻaʻole ʻike ka poʻe Melanesia i nā metala, nā mea hana a me nā mea kaua i hana ʻia me ka lāʻau, ka pōhaku i poni ʻia a me nā pūpū. Akā, ke neʻe nei lākou mai kahi ʻoihana kūpono i kahi ʻoihana hana, ʻo ke kumu o ka mahiʻai hoe mua (ke ulu nei lākou i nā ipu, nā ʻuala, ka maiʻa, nā niu, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe), i hoʻohui ʻia ma nā kahakai e ka lawaiʻa. Noho ka poʻe Melanesia i nā kaiāulu kūʻokoʻa i kekahi i kekahi, i alakaʻi ʻia e nā alakaʻi. Ua hoʻomalu ʻia lākou e ka hui ʻohana. Ua loaʻa i ka poʻe Melanesia kahi hoʻololi maikaʻi loa, ʻoi aku ma waena o nā kamaʻāina o ke kahakai a me ka loko, a ma waena o nā mokupuni. Ua loaʻa ke kālā ma ke ʻano o nā pūpū kai.