Конца света не будет. Почему экологический алармизм причиняет нам вред. Майкл Шелленбергер

      237

      Daniel Hoornweg and Perinaz Bhada-Tata, What a Waste: A Global Review of Solid Waste Management, World Bank Urban Development Series, Knowledge Papers no. 15, March 2012, https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/17388/68135.pdf?sequence=8&isAllowed=y/, 46.

      238

      Jambeck et al., “Plastic Waste Inputs from Land into the Ocean.”

      239

      Marcus Eriksen, Laurent C. M. Lebreton, Henry S. Carson et al., “Plastic Pollution in the World’s Oceans: More than 5 Trillion Plastic Pieces Weighing over 250,000 Tons Afloat at Sea,” PLOS ONE 9, no. 12 (December 10, 2014): e111913, https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0111913&type=printable. As indicated in the title, the authors’ final estimate of the total number of plastic pieces in the ocean came in at 5 trillion particles – both macroplastic and microplastic – weighing 269,000 tons.

      240

      Marcus Eriksen, Laurent C. M. Lebreton, Henry S. Carson et al., “Plastic Pollution in the World’s Oceans: More than 5 Trillion Plastic Pieces Weighing over 250,000 Tons Afloat at Sea,” PLOS ONE 9, no. 12 (December 10, 2014): e111913, https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0111913&type=printable. As indicated in the title, the authors’ final estimate of the total number of plastic pieces in the ocean came in at 5 trillion particles – both macroplastic and microplastic – weighing 269,000 tons.

      241

      Marcus Eriksen, Laurent C. M. Lebreton, Henry S. Carson et al., “Plastic Pollution in the World’s Oceans: More than 5 Trillion Plastic Pieces Weighing over 250,000 Tons Afloat at Sea,” PLOS ONE 9, no. 12 (December 10, 2014): e111913, https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0111913&type=printable. As indicated in the title, the authors’ final estimate of the total number of plastic pieces in the ocean came in at 5 trillion particles – both macroplastic and microplastic – weighing 269,000 tons.

      242

      Marcus Eriksen, Laurent C. M. Lebreton, Henry S. Carson et al., “Plastic Pollution in the World’s Oceans: More than 5 Trillion Plastic Pieces Weighing over 250,000 Tons Afloat at Sea,” PLOS ONE 9, no. 12 (December 10, 2014): e111913, https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0111913&type=printable. As indicated in the title, the authors’ final estimate of the total number of plastic pieces in the ocean came in at 5 trillion particles – both macroplastic and microplastic – weighing 269,000 tons.

      243

      Collin P. Ward, Cassia J. Armstrong, Anna N. Walsh, Julia H. Wash, and Christopher M. Reddy, “Sunlight Converts Polystyrene to Carbon Dioxde and Dissolved Organic Carbon,” Environmental Science Technology Letters 6, no. 11 (October 10, 2019): 669–674, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.9b00532.

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      “Sunlight Degrades Polystyrene Faster than Expected,” National Science Foundation, October 18, 2019, https://www.nsf.gov/discoveries/disc_summ.jsp?cntn_id=299408&org=NSF&from=news.

      245

      Collin P. Ward, “Sunlight Converts Polystyrene to Carbon Dioxide and Dissolved Organic Carbon.”

      246

      Collin P. Ward, “Sunlight Converts Polystyrene to Carbon Dioxide and Dissolved Organic Carbon.”

      247

      Emily A. Miller, Loren McClenachan, Roshikazu Uni et al., “The Historical Development of Complex Global Trafficking Networks for Marine Wildlife,” Science Advances 5, no. 3 (March 2019): eaav5948, http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav5948.

      248

      Martha Chaiklin, “Imports and Autarky: Tortoiseshell in Early Modern Japan,” in Luxury and Global Perspective: Objects and Practices, 1600–2000, edited by Bernd-Stefan Grewe and Karen Hoffmeester (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2016), 218–21, 230, 236.

      249

      Martha Chaiklin, “Imports and Autarky: Tortoiseshell in Early Modern Japan,” in Luxury and Global Perspective: Objects and Practices, 1600–2000, edited by Bernd-Stefan Grewe and Karen Hoffmeester (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2016), 218–21, 230, 236.

      250

      Stephanie E. Hornbeck, “Elephant Ivory: An Overview of Changes to Its Stringent Regulation and Considerations for Its Identification,” AIC Objects Specialty Group Postprints 22 (2015): 101–22, http://resources.conservation-us.org/osg-postprints/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2015/05/osg022-08vII.pdf.

      251

      Stephanie E. Hornbeck, “Elephant Ivory: An Overview of Changes to Its Stringent Regulation and Considerations for Its Identification,” AIC Objects Specialty Group Postprints 22 (2015): 101–22, http://resources.conservation-us.org/osg-postprints/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2015/05/osg022-08vII.pdf.

      252

      “Ivory: Where It Comes From, Its Uses and the Modes of Working It,” New York Times, August 14, 1866, https://timesmachine.nytimes.com.

      253

      “Ivory: Where It Comes From, Its Uses and the Modes of Working It,” New York Times, August 14, 1866, https://timesmachine.nytimes.com.

      254

      “Ivory: Where It Comes From, Its Uses and the Modes of Working It,” New York Times, August 14, 1866, https://timesmachine.nytimes.com.

      255

      “The World’s Ivory Trade,” New York Times, July 23, 1882, https://timesmachine.nytimes.com.

      256

      “The World’s Ivory Trade,” New York Times, July 23, 1882, https://timesmachine.nytimes.com.

      257

      “The World’s Ivory Trade,” New York Times, July 23, 1882, https://timesmachine.nytimes.com.

      258

      Chaiklin, “Imports and Autarky: Tortoiseshell in Early Modern Japan.”

      259

      Freinkel, Plastics: A Toxic Love Story.

      260

      Terri Byrne, “Ivoryton’s Keys Are Musical,” New York Times, December 25, 1977, https://timesmachine.nytimes.com.

      261

      Susan Freinkel, “A Brief History of Plastic’s Conquest of the World,” Scientific American, May 29, 2011, https://www.scientificamerican.com.

      262

      Christine Figgener (sea turtle biologist) in discussion with the author, November 6, 2019.

      263

      According to the IUCN, “Disease appears to be a problem in some populations in some years, with diphtheritic stomatitis (caused by the bacteria Corynebacterium spp.) and the blood parasite Leucocytozoon tawaki, formerly only known from Fiordland penguins, causes of mortality for chicks… Human disturbance, particularly from unregulated tourists at breeding areas,