Earth Materials. John O'Brien

      

      Table of Contents

      1  Cover

      2  Title Page

      3  Copyright Page

      4  Preface

      5  Acknowledgments

      6  About the Companion Website

      7  Chapter 1: Earth materials and the geosphere 1.1 EARTH MATERIALS 1.2 MINERALS AND MINERALOIDS 1.3 THE GEOSPHERE 1.4 DETAILED MODEL OF THE GEOSPHERE 1.5 GLOBAL TECTONICS 1.6 HOTSPOTS AND MANTLE CONVECTION CONTENT ASSESSMENT REFERENCES

      8  Chapter 2: Atoms, elements, bonds, and coordination polyhedra 2.1 ATOMS 2.2 THE PERIODIC TABLE 2.3 CHEMICAL BONDS 2.4 PAULING'S RULES AND COORDINATION POLYHEDRA 2.5 THE CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS CONTENT ASSESSMENT REFERENCES

      9  Chapter 3: Atomic substitution, phase diagrams, and isotopes 3.1 ATOMIC (IONIC) SUBSTITUTION 3.2 PHASE STABILITY (EQUILIBRIUM) DIAGRAMS 3.3 ISOTOPES CONTENT ASSESSMENT REFERENCES

      10  Chapter 4: Crystallography 4.1 CRYSTALLINE SUBSTANCES 4.2 SYMMETRY OPERATIONS 4.3 TWO‐DIMENSIONAL MOTIFS AND LATTICES (MESHES) 4.4 THREE‐DIMENSIONAL MOTIFS AND LATTICES 4.5 CRYSTAL SYSTEMS 4.6 INDEXING PLANES IN CRYSTALS 4.7 TWINNED CRYSTALS 4.8 CRYSTAL DEFECTS 4.9 POLYMORPHS AND PSUEDOMORPHS CONTENT ASSESSMENT REFERENCES

      11  Chapter 5: Mineral properties and rock‐forming minerals 5.1 MINERAL FORMATION 5.2 CRYSTAL HABITS 5.3 MACROSCOPIC MINERAL PROPERTIES 5.4 SILICATE MINERALS 5.5 NONSILICATE MINERALS CONTENT ASSESSMENT REFERENCES

      12  Chapter 6: Optical identification of minerals 6.1 ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION AND THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM 6.2 ESSENTIALS OF OPTICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 6.3 THE OPTICAL INDICATRIX, INTERFERENCE FIGURES AND OPTIC SIGN DETERMINATIONS CONTENT ASSESSMENT REFERENCES

      13  Chapter 7: Igneous rock texture, composition, and classification 7.1 MAGMA AND IGNEOUS ROCKS 7.2 CRYSTALLINE IGNEOUS TEXTURES 7.3 NONCRYSTALLINE TEXTURES 7.4 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF IGNEOUS ROCKS 7.5 MINERAL COMPOSITION OF IGNEOUS ROCKS 7.6 MINERAL COMPOSITION AND TERMINOLOGY 7.7 IUGS IGNEOUS ROCK CLASSIFICATION CONTENT ASSESSMENT REFERENCES

      14  Chapter 8: Magma and intrusive structures 8.1 ROCK MELTING 8.2 FACTORS IN ANATEXIS AND INITIAL MELT COMPOSITION 8.3 DIVERSIFICATION: DIFFERENTIATION, MIXING AND ASSIMILATION PROCESSES 8.4 MAGMA SERIES