Dividing the Faith. Richard J. Boles

      Early American Places is a collaborative project of the University of Georgia Press, New York University Press, Northern Illinois University Press, and the University of Nebraska Press. The series is supported by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. For more information, please visit www.earlyamericanplaces.com.

      ADVISORY BOARD

      Vincent Brown, Duke University

      Andrew Cayton, Miami University

      Cornelia Hughes Dayton, University of Connecticut

      Nicole Eustace, New York University

      Amy S. Greenberg, Pennsylvania State University

      Ramón A. Gutiérrez, University of Chicago

      Peter Charles Hoffer, University of Georgia

      Karen Ordahl Kupperman, New York University

      Joshua Piker, College of William & Mary

      Mark M. Smith, University of South Carolina

      Rosemarie Zagarri, George Mason University

      DIVIDING THE FAITH

      The Rise of Segregated Churches in the Early American North

      RICHARD J. BOLES

      New York University Press

      NEW YORK

      NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESS

      New York

       www.nyupress.org

      © 2020 by New York University

      All rights reserved

      References to Internet websites (URLs) were accurate at the time of writing. Neither the author nor New York University Press is responsible for URLs that may have expired or changed since the manuscript was prepared.

      Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

      Names: Boles, Richard (Richard J.), author.

      Title: Dividing the faith : the rise of segregated churches in the early American North / Richard Boles.

      Description: New York : New York University Press, [2020] | Series: Early American places | Includes bibliographical references and index.

      Identifiers: LCCN 2020015043 (print) | LCCN 2020015044 (ebook) | ISBN 9781479803187 (cloth) | ISBN 9781479801671 (ebook) | ISBN 9781479801657 (ebook)

      Subjects: LCSH: Race relations—Religious aspects—Christianity. | Segregation—Religious aspects—Christianity. | African Americans—Segregation—New England. | Indians of North America—New England—Social conditions. | African Americans—Religious life. | African American churches—History. | Indians of North America—Religious life. | New England—Race relations. | New England—Church history.

      Classification: LCC F15.A1 B65 2020 (print) | LCC F15.A1 (ebook) | DDC 305.800974270.089—dc23

      LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020015043

      LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020015044

      For Christiane, Beatrice, and Louisa

      CONTENTS

      List of Figures and Tables

      Introduction

      1. “Not of Whites Alone, but of Blacks Also”: Black, Indian, and European Protestants, 1730–1749

       2. “I Claim Jesus Christ to Be My Right Master”: Black-White Religious Conflicts and Indian Separatists, 1740–1763

       3. “Compassion upon These Outcasts”: Evangelism and Expanding Interracial Worship, 1764–1776

       4. “Slavery Is a Bitter Pill”: Interracial Churches, War, and Abolitionism, 1776–1790

       5. “To Restore Our Long Lost Race”: The Rise of Separate Black Churches, 1791–1820

       6. “Suffering under the Rod of Despotic Pharaohs”: The Segregated North and Black and Indian Christian Radicalism, 1821–1850

       Conclusion

       Acknowledgments

       Abbreviations

       Note on Sources

       Notes

       Index

       About the Author

       FIGURES AND TABLES

      Figures

      I.1. Title page and frontispiece of Phillis Wheatley’s Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral (1773)

1.1. Map of Congregational and Anglican church locations in New England that baptized and/or admitted blacks or Indians, 1730–49

       2.1. Trinity Church of New York City as it appeared from 1737 to 1776

       3.1. Ezra Stiles, minister of Second Congregational Church, Newport, Rhode Island

       3.2. Map of northern Anglican churches that baptized multiple black people, 1764–76

       4.1. Reverend Lemuel Haynes

       4.2. Peter Williams Sr., an early African American member of the John Street Methodist Church

       5.1. Black Philadelphians gathering for worship at their Episcopal church

       5.2. The African Meetinghouse of Boston, Massachusetts, built by the First African Baptist Church in 1806

       6.1. Colored Schools Broken Up, in the Free States

       6.2. Reverend William Apess, Pequot

      Tables

1.1. Black baptisms in Boston’s Congregational and Anglican churches, 1730–1749

       2.1. Black baptisms in Boston’s Congregational and Anglican churches, 1730–1749

       2.2. Black baptisms in Boston’s Congregational and Anglican churches, 1750–1763

       2.3. Select list of Church of England parishes in which black people were baptized, 1750–1763

       3.1. Select list of churches in which one or more Indians were baptized or admitted and approximate numbers, 1764–1790

       4.1. Examples of Methodist societies and number of white and black members, 1790

       5.1. Numbers of white and “colored” members in the Methodist churches in northern states, 1796–1801

       6.1. Predominantly white Episcopal churches