Medical Statistics. David Machin

      

      Table of Contents

      1  Cover

      2  Title Page

      3  Copyright Page

      4  Preface

      5  1 Uses and Abuses of Medical Statistics Summary 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Why Use Statistics? 1.3 Statistics is About Common Sense and Good Design 1.4 How a Statistician Can Help

      6  2 Displaying and Summarising Data Summary 2.1 Types of Data 2.2 Summarising Categorical Data 2.3 Displaying Categorical Data 2.4 Summarising Continuous Data 2.5 Displaying Continuous Data 2.6 Within‐Subject Variability 2.7 Presentation 2.8 Points When Reading the Literature 2.9 Technical Details 2.10 Exercises

      7  3 Summary Measures for Binary Data Summary 3.1 Summarising Binary and Categorical Data 3.2 Points When Reading the Literature 3.3 Exercises

      8  4 Probability and Distributions Summary 4.1 Types of Probability 4.2 The Binomial Distribution 4.3 The Poisson Distribution 4.4 Probability for Continuous Outcomes 4.5 The Normal Distribution 4.6 Reference Ranges 4.7 Other Distributions 4.8 Points When Reading the Literature 4.9 Technical Section 4.10 Exercises

      9  5 Populations, Samples, Standard Errors and Confidence Intervals Summary 5.1 Populations 5.2 Samples 5.3 The Standard Error 5.4 The Central Limit Theorem 5.5 Standard Errors for Proportions and Rates 5.6 Standard Error of Differences 5.7 Confidence Intervals for an Estimate 5.8 Confidence Intervals for Differences 5.9 Points When Reading the Literature 5.10 Technical Details 5.11 Exercises

      10  6 Hypothesis Testing, P‐values and Statistical Inference Summary 6.1 Introduction 6.2 The Null Hypothesis 6.3 The Main Steps in Hypothesis Testing 6.4 Using Your P‐value to Make a Decision About Whether to Reject, or Not Reject, Your Null Hypothesis 6.5 Statistical Power 6.6 One‐sided and Two‐sided Tests 6.7 Confidence Intervals (CIs) 6.8 Large Sample Tests for Two Independent Means or Proportions 6.9 Issues with P‐values 6.10 Points When Reading the Literature 6.11 Exercises

      11  7 Comparing Two or More Groups with Continuous Data Summary 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Comparison of Two Groups of Paired Observations – Continuous Outcomes 7.3 Comparison of Two Independent Groups – Continuous Outcomes 7.4 Comparing More than Two Groups 7.5