The Spanish Holocaust: Inquisition and Extermination in Twentieth-Century Spain. Paul Preston

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      The Spanish Holocaust

      Inquisition and Extermination in Twentieth-Century Spain

      Paul Preston

      Copyright

      HarperPress

       An imprint of HarperCollinsPublishers 1 London Bridge Street London SE1 9GF www.harpercollins.co.uk

      Published in Great Britain by HarperPress in 2012

      Copyright © Paul Preston 2012

      Paul Preston asserts the moral right to be identified as the author of this work

      A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

      THE SPANISH HOLOCAUST. Copyright © Paul Preston 2012. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the nonexclusive, nontransferable right to access and read the text of this e-book on-screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, downloaded, decompiled, reverse-engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage and retrieval system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereinafter invented, without the express written permission of HarperCollins e-books.

      Source ISBN: 9780002556347

       Ebook Edition © JANUARY 2013 ISBN: 9780007467228 Version: 2016-07-04

      Dedication

      For Gabrielle

      CONTENTS

       Cover

      Title Page

      Dedication

      List of Illustrations

      Prologue

      PART 1: THE ORIGINS OF HATRED AND VIOLENCE

      1 Social War Begins, 1931–1933

      2 Theorists of Extermination

      3 The Right Goes on the Offensive, 1933–1934

      4 The Coming of War, 1934–1936

      PART 2: INSTITUTIONALIZED VIOLENCE IN THE REBEL ZONE

      5 Queipo’s Terror: The Purging of the South

      6 Mola’s Terror: The Purging of Navarre, Galicia, Castile and León

      PART 3: THE CONSEQUENCE OF THE COUP: SPONTANEOUS VIOLENCE IN THE REPUBLICAN ZONE

      7 Far from the Front: Repression behind the Republican Lines

      8 Revolutionary Terror in Madrid

      PART 4: MADRID BESIEGED: THE THREAT AND THE RESPONSE

      9 The Column of Death’s March on Madrid

      10 A Terrified City Responds: The Massacres of Paracuellos

      PART 5: TWO CONCEPTS OF WAR

      11 Defending the Republic from the Enemy Within

      12 Franco’s Slow War of Annihilation

      PART 6: FRANCO’S INVESTMENT IN TERROR

      13 No Reconciliation: Trials, Executions, Prisons

      Epilogue: The Reverberations

      Acknowledgements

      Photographic Insert

      Glossary

      Notes

      Appendix

      Searchable Terms

      Other Books by Paul Preston

      Copyright

      About the Publisher

      LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

      Franco in Seville with the brutal leader of the ‘Column of Death’, Colonel Juan Yagüe. (© ICAS-SAHP, Fototeca Municipal de Sevilla, Fondo Serrano)

      Yagüe’s artillery chief, Luis Alarcón de la Lastra. (EFE/jt)

      General Gonzalo Queipo de Llano. (EFE/Jalon Angel)

      General Emilio Mola. (EFE/Delespro/jt)

      Gonzalo de Aguilera. (Courtesy of Marianela de la Trinidad de Aguilera y Lodeiro, Condesa de Alba de Yeltes)

      Virgilio Leret with his wife, the feminist, Carlota O’Neill. (Courtesy of Carlota Leret-O’Neill)

      Amparo Barayón. (Courtesy of Ramon Sender Barayón)

      A Coruña, Anniversary of the foundation of the Second Republic, 14 April 1936. (Fondo Suárez Ferrín, Proxecto “Nomes e Voces”, Santiago de Compostela)

      José González Barrero, Mayor of Zafra. (Courtesy of González Barrero family)

      Modesto José Lorenzana Macarro, Mayor of Fuente de Cantos. (Courtesy of Cayetano Ibarra)

      Ricardo Zabalza, secretary general of the FNTT and Civil Governor of Valencia during the war, with his wife Obdulia Bermejo. (Courtesy of Abel Zabalza and Emilio Majuelo)

      Mourning women after Castejón’s purge of the Triana district of Seville, 21 July 1936. (© ICAS-SAHP, Fototeca Municipal de Sevilla, Fondo Serrano)

      Queipo de Llano (foreground) inspects the 5º Bandera of the Legion in Seville on 2 August 1936. (© ICAS-SAHP, Fototeca Municipal de Sevilla, Fondo Serrano)

      Rafael de Medina Villalonga, in white, leads the column that has captured the town of Tocina, 4 August 1936. (© ICAS-SAHP, Fototeca Municipal de Sevilla, Fondo Serrano)

      Trucks taking miners captured in the ambush at La Pañoleta for execution. (© ICAS-SAHP, Fototeca Municipal de Sevilla, Fondo Serrano)

      Utrera, 26 July 1936. Townsfolk taken prisoner by the column of the Legion which captured the town. (© ICAS-SAHP, Fototeca Municipal de Sevilla, Fondo Serrano)

      Lorca’s gravediggers. (Courtesy of Víctor Fernández and Colección Enrique Sabater)

      Regulares examine their plunder. (© ICAS-SAHP, Fototeca Municipal de Sevilla, Fondo Serrano)

      After a village falls, the column moves on with stolen sewing machines, household goods and animals. (© ICAS-SAHP, Fototeca Municipal de Sevilla, Fondo Serrano)

      A firing squad prepares to execute townspeople in Llerena. (Archivo Histórico Municipal de Llerena, Fondo Pacheco Pereira, legajo 1.)

      Calle Carnicerías (Butchery Street) in Talavera de la Reina. (© ICAS-SAHP, Fototeca Municipal de Sevilla, Fondo Serrano)

      Mass grave near Toledo. (© ICAS-SAHP, Fototeca Municipal de Sevilla, Fondo Serrano)

      Pascual Fresquet (centre left) with his ‘death brigade’ in Caspe. (España. Ministerio de Cultura. Centro Documental de la Memoria Histórica. FC-CAUSA_GENERAL, 1426, EXP.45, IMAGEN128)

      The seizure of the Iglesia del Carmen in Madrid by militiamen. (España. Ministerio de Cultura. Centro Documental de la Memoria Histórica. FC-Causa_General, 1907, 1, p.81)

      Arms and uniforms of the Falange found by militiamen in the offices of the monarchist newspaper ABC. (España. Ministerio de Cultura. Centro Documental de la Memoria Histórica. FC-Causa_General, 1814, 1, IMAGEN6)

      Aurelio Fernández. (International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam, IISG-CNT)

      Juan García Oliver. (International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam, IISG-CNT)

      Ángel