Прочая образовательная литература
Различные книги в жанре Прочая образовательная литератураEnvironmental Scanning and Sustainable Development
This work is an initial exploration of the relationship between scanning and sustainable development. In ten chapters, the authors examine the application, characteristics and implementation of scanning oriented toward sustainable development. Thus the work offers some answers to the questions “what is sustainable scanning?”, “what new issues does it raise for management practice and management science?”, “what forms can it take?” and “how…?”
Statistical Approach to Wall Turbulence
Wall turbulence is encountered in many technological applications as well as in the atmosphere, and a detailed understanding leading to its management would have considerable beneficial consequences in many areas. A lot of inspired work by experimenters, theoreticians, engineers and mathematicians has been accomplished over recent decades on this important topic and Statistical Approach to Wall Turbulence provides an updated and integrated view on the progress made in this area. Wall turbulence is a complex phenomenon that has several industrial applications, such as in aerodynamics, turbomachinery, geophysical flows, internal engines, etc. Several books exist on fluid turbulence, but Statistical Approach to Wall Turbulence is original in the sense that it focuses solely on the turbulent flows bounded by solid boundaries. The book covers the different physical aspects of wall turbulence, beginning with classical phenomenological aspects before advancing to recent research in the effects of the Reynolds numbers, near wall coherent structures, and wall turbulent transport process. This book would be of interest to postgraduate and undergraduate students in mechanical, chemical, and aerospace engineering, as well as researchers in aerodynamics, combustion, and all applications of wall turbulence.
Simulation of Complex Systems in GIS
This book provides a comprehensive view of geographical modeling. It first establishes the foundations of geographical modeling, covering such concepts as structure, organization, system, topologies, as well as the concept of time. Next, it tackles the use of computer tools for dynamic model building and presents several models applied to various themes, such as urban growth, natural risks, as well as political themes. Finally, a general model of the geographic agents system (GAS), which can be used as a basis for the construction of a model-building platform for dynamic spatial models is presented.
Carbon Based Solids and Materials
It is well known that solid carbons can be found in various guises with different forms of bulk phases (graphites, diamonds and carbynes) as well as more molecular forms (fullerenes,nanotubes and graphenes) resulting from recent discoveries. The cause of this rich polymorphism is analyzed in the first part of this book (chapters 1-5) with the propensity of carbon atoms for forming different types of homopolar chemical bonds associated with variable coordination numbers. Precursor organic molecules and parent compounds are also described to establish specific links with this rich polymorphism. Then in a second part (chapters 6-10) a comparative review of the main classes of bulk physical properties is presented. This approach emphasizes in particular the electronic behavior of (pi) polyaromatic systems organized in plane and curved atomic sheets. Finally in a third part (chapters 11-15) the surface and interface characteristics are introduced together with the texture and morphology of these multiscale carbon materials. An overview of the main field of applications is related showing the large use and interest for these solids.
Instrumentation and Metrology in Oceanography
Through research, physical oceanography aims to solve the numerous problems stated by thermal, optical and dynamical properties of the oceans. Instrumentation and Metrology in Physical Oceanography describes the means used in oceanography to determine physical properties of the oceans by medium of in situ measurements. This book explores the theoretical functioning of sensors and instruments, as well as different practical aspects of using these tools. The content of this book appeals directly to technicians or engineers wishing to enhance their knowledge of instrumentation and application to environment surveillance. Instrumentation and Metrology in Physical Oceanography details the functioning of sensors and instruments used to assess the following parameters in oceanography: temperature, conductivity, pressure, sound velocity, current in magnitude and direction, time and position with GPS, height of water and tide, waves, optical and chemical properties (turbidity), dissolved gas (O2, CO2), pH, nutrients and other dissolved elements. Furthermore, this book also elaborates on the different means used to obtain measurements at sea (boats, drifting floats, moorings, undersea platforms, gliders…) and techniques currently being developed.
Laser Velocimetry in Fluid Mechanics
In fluid mechanics, velocity measurement is fundamental in order to improve the behavior knowledge of the flow. Velocity maps help us to understand the mean flow structure and its fluctuations, in order to further validate codes. Laser velocimetry is an optical technique for velocity measurements; it is based on light scattering by tiny particles assumed to follow the flow, which allows the local fluid flow velocity and its fluctuations to be determined. It is a widely used non-intrusive technique to measure velocities in fluid flows, either locally or in a map. This book presents the various techniques of laser velocimetry, as well as their specific qualities: local measurements or in plane maps, mean or instantaneous values, 3D measurements. Flow seeding with particles is described with currently used products, as well as the appropriate aerosol generators. Post-processing of data allows us to extract synthetic information from measurements and to perform comparisons with results issued from CFD codes. The principles and characteristics of the different available techniques, all based on the scattering of light by tiny particles embedded in the flow, are described in detail; showing how they deliver different information, either locally or in a map, mean values and turbulence characteristics.
Signal and Image Multiresolution Analysis
Multiresolution analysis using the wavelet transform has received considerable attention in recent years by researchers in various fields. It is a powerful tool for efficiently representing signals and images at multiple levels of detail with many inherent advantages, including compression, level-of-detail display, progressive transmission, level-of-detail editing, filtering, modeling, fractals and multifractals, etc. This book aims to provide a simple formalization and new clarity on multiresolution analysis, rendering accessible obscure techniques, and merging, unifying or completing the technique with encoding, feature extraction, compressive sensing, multifractal analysis and texture analysis. It is aimed at industrial engineers, medical researchers, university lab attendants, lecturer-researchers and researchers from various specializations. It is also intended to contribute to the studies of graduate students in engineering, particularly in the fields of medical imaging, intelligent instrumentation, telecommunications, and signal and image processing. Given the diversity of the problems posed and addressed, this book paves the way for the development of new research themes, such as brain–computer interface (BCI), compressive sensing, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), tissue characterization (bones, skin, etc.) and the analysis of complex phenomena in general. Throughout the chapters, informative illustrations assist the uninitiated reader in better conceptualizing certain concepts, taking the form of numerous figures and recent applications in biomedical engineering, communication, multimedia, finance, etc.
High-Throughput Screening Methods in Toxicity Testing
Explores the benefits and limitations of the latest high-throughput screening methods With its expert coverage of high-throughput in vitro screening methods for toxicity testing, this book makes it possible for researchers to accelerate and streamline the evaluation and risk assessment of chemicals and drugs for toxicity. Moreover, it enables them to comply with the latest standards set forth by the U.S. National Research Council's «Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century: A Vision and Strategy» and the E.U.'s REACH legislation. Readers will discover a variety of state-of-the-science, high-throughput screening methods presented by a group of leading authorities in toxicology and toxicity testing. High-Throughput Screening Methods in Toxicity Testing is divided into five parts: General aspects, including predicting the toxicity potential of chemicals and drugs via high-throughput bioactivity profiling Assessing different cytotoxicity endpoints Assessing DNA damage and carcinogenesis Assessing reproductive toxicity, cardiotoxicity, and haematotoxicity Assessing drug metabolism and receptor-related toxicity Each chapter describes method principles and includes detailed information about data generation, data analysis, and applications in risk assessment. The authors not only enumerate the advantages of each high-throughput method over comparable conventional methods, but also point out the high-throughput method's limitations and potential pitfalls. In addition, the authors describe current research efforts to make high-throughput toxicity screening even more cost effective and streamlined. Throughout the book, readers will find plenty of figures and illustrations to help them understand and perform the latest high-throughput toxicity screening methods. This book is ideal for toxicologists and other researchers who need to implement high-throughput screening methods for toxicity testing in their laboratories as well as for researchers who need to evaluate the data generated by these methods.
Stress Corrosion Cracking of Pipelines
Explains why pipeline stress corrosion cracking happens and how it can be prevented Pipelines sit at the heart of the global economy. When they are in good working order, they deliver fuel to meet the ever-growing demand for energy around the world. When they fail due to stress corrosion cracking, they can wreak environmental havoc. This book skillfully explains the fundamental science and engineering of pipeline stress corrosion cracking based on the latest research findings and actual case histories. The author explains how and why pipelines fall prey to stress corrosion cracking and then offers tested and proven strategies for preventing, detecting, and monitoring it in order to prevent pipeline failure. Stress Corrosion Cracking of Pipelines begins with a brief introduction and then explores general principals of stress corrosion cracking, including two detailed case studies of pipeline failure. Next, the author covers: Near-neutral pH stress corrosion cracking of pipelines High pH stress corrosion cracking of pipelines Stress corrosion cracking of pipelines in acidic soil environments Stress corrosion cracking at pipeline welds Stress corrosion cracking of high-strength pipeline steels The final chapter is dedicated to effective management and mitigation of pipeline stress corrosion cracking. Throughout the book, the author develops a number of theoretical models and concepts based on advanced microscopic electrochemical measurements to help readers better understand the occurrence of stress corrosion cracking. By examining all aspects of pipeline stress corrosion cracking—the causes, mechanisms, and management strategies—this book enables engineers to construct better pipelines and then maintain and monitor them to ensure safe, reliable energy supplies for the world.
Physics and Chemistry of the Deep Earth
Though the deep interior of the Earth (and other terrestrial planets) is inaccessible to humans, we are able to combine observational, experimental and computational (theoretical) studies to begin to understand the role of the deep Earth in the dynamics and evolution of the planet. This book brings together a series of reviews of key areas in this important and vibrant field of studies. A range of material properties, including phase transformations and rheological properties, influences the way in which material is circulated within the planet. This circulation re-distributes key materials such as volatiles that affect the pattern of materials circulation. The understanding of deep Earth structure and dynamics is a key to the understanding of evolution and dynamics of terrestrial planets, including planets orbiting other stars. This book contains chapters on deep Earth materials, compositional models, and geophysical studies of material circulation which together provide an invaluable synthesis of deep Earth research. Readership: advanced undergraduates, graduates and researchers in geophysics, mineral physics and geochemistry.