Gauguin. Jp. A. Calosse

a is as good as another. If one takes the idea of trembling, for instance, all of a sudden most art starts to tremble. Michelangelo starts to tremble. El Greco starts to tremble. All the Impressionists start to tremble.”

Paul Gauguin

      © Parkstone Press International, New York, USA

      © Confidential Concepts, worldwide, New York, USA

      Biography

      Self-Portrait with a Palette, c. 1894

      Oil on canvas, 92 × 73 cm

      Private Collection

      1848: Paul Gauguin born in Paris, on June 7.

      1849: The family left France for Peru; his father died at sea.

      1855–1861: Returned to France after a five-year stay in Lima. Lived in Orleans, his father’s native town. Studied at the Petit Seminaire.

      1861(?)–1865: Moved with his mother to Paris. Attended high school.

      1865: Entered the merchant marine as a cabin-boy.

      1868–1871: Served in the navy after the disbandment of the French army and navy settled in Paris.

      1871–1873: Worked as a stockbrocker in the banking office of Bertin. In the house of his sister’s guardian, Gustave Arosa, began to take interest in art. Became acquainted with Camille Pissarro and Emile Schuffenecker. First amateur efforts at painting.

      1873–1875: Married Mette Sophie Gad, a Dane from Copenhagen. Attended the Atelier Colarossi, acquired a collection of Impressionist pictures. The Seine by the Pont d’Iena.

      1876: Exhibited a landscape at the official Salon.

      1877: Took lessons from the sculptor Jules Ernest Bouillot and produced his first sculptures.

      1880: Exhibited in the 5th Impressionist exhibition (seven paintings and a marble bust).

      1881: Participated in the 6th Impressionist exhibition (eight paintings and two sculptures). Spent the summer holidays in Pontoise with Pissarro who introduced him to Cézanne.

      1882: Took part in the 7th Impressionist exhibition (twelve oils and pastels, one sculpture).

      1883: Resigned from his job at Bertin’s and devoted himself entirely to painting with Pissarro at Osny, where he spent his holidays studying.

      1884–1885: Moved with his family first to Rouen, and then to Copenhagen, where he executed a number of paintings and wooden sculptures. Displayed interest in the Symbolist theories. Short show at the Society of the Friends of Art, Copenhagen. Left his wife and four children in the Danish capital and returned to Paris with his six-year-old son Clovis. Went to London for three weeks, later lived in Dieppe, where he made friends with Edgar Degas.

      1886: Lived by turns in Pont-Aven (Brittany) and Paris; made ceramics at Ernest Chaplet’s workshop. Represented in the 8th Impressionist exhibition (nineteen paintings).

      1887: In April, with Charles Laval, left for Panama, then moved to Martinique. Back in Paris in November, where he met Van Gogh. Organized his first one-man show at Boussod and Valadon, which included ceramics as well as Brittany and Martinique paintings. Became acquainted with Daniel de Monfreid.

      1888: Lived at Pont-Aven. Produced pictures in his new synthetist and cloisonne manner. Gave ‘lessons’ in synthetic painting to Paul Sérusier. Painted The Vision after the Sermon, Wrestling Boys, Self-Portrait (with a profile of Bernard): “Les Misérables”, Fruit, etc. Stayed, from October to December, with Van Gogh at Arles, where he painted Café at Arles, The Alyscamps, Old Women of Arles and other works.

      1889: Exhibited with his friends at the Café Volpini as ‘Groupe Impressionniste et Synthétiste’, where he showed seventeen of his paintings and a number of zincographs. Lived, alternatively, in Paris, Pont-Aven and Le Pouldu (Brittany). Painted Portrait of Meyer de Haan, The Yellow Christ, La Belle Angèle and The Schuffenecker Family. Carved the wooden relief Soyez amoureuses et vous serez heureuses (Be in love and you will be happy). Wrote two articles for the magazine Le Moderniste. Met Albert Aurier and Charles Morice. Frequented the Symbolist group at their meetings at the Café Voltaire.

      1891: On February 23, auctioned thirty of his paintings at the Hotel Drouot. On April 4, left for Tahiti.

      1891–1893: The first Tahitian period. He settled first in Papeete, then at Mataeia. During these years he produced over ninety paintings (eight of them are now divided between the Hermitage, St. Petersburg, and the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts, Moscow). Sent a number of pictures for two exhibitions in Copenhagen, one held in March 1892 (thirteen canvases), and the other in March 1893 at the Society of Free Arts (about fifty works).

      1893: Returned to France on August 30. In November arranged a show of his works at the Galerie Durand-Ruel (two sculptures and forty-four paintings, among them Landscape with Peacocks, Tahitian Pastoral Scene, Her Name is Vaïraumati, What! Are You Jealous? and At the Foot of a Mountain. Wrote Noa Noa and prepared a series of illustrations for it.

      1894: Contributed to La Libre Esthétique exhibition in Brussels (January-February). Visited his family in Copenhagen. Lived alternatively in Paris and Brittany.

      1895: On February 18, a sale of his works was held at the Hotel Drouot (forty-nine paintings, drawings and prints). On July 3, he sailed to Tahiti, leaving France for good.

      1895–1901: The second Tahitian period. The output of these years amounted to more than sixty paintings, numerous drawings, watercolours, woodcuts and sculptures. Rewrote the manuscript of Noa Noa and wrote a series of articles on the Catholic Church.

      1897: Exhibited with the group of La Libre Esthétique in Brussels (Bé Bé, Tahitians in a Room, etc.). Learned of the death of his daughter Aline.

      1898: Physical suffering and despair reaching a sort of climax. On February 11 attempted suicide, after having painted Where Do We Come From?… as a testamentary picture. In April, having no money at all, took a post as a draughtsman and a copyist of official papers in the Bureau of Public Works at Papeete.

      1899–1900: Contributed articles to the local journal Les Guêpes (The Wasps) and published the first issue of his own satirical periodical Le Sourire (The Smile). Painted two versions of Maternity, Three Tahitian Women against a Yellow Background and The Great Buddha. Birth of his son Emile, later a self-taught artist.

      1901: In August, Gauguin moved to Atuona (on the island of Hivaoa, or La Dominica in the Marquesas group). Experienced a new surge of creative energy, painted And the Gold of Their Bodies, The Ford, still lifes with sunflowers and a number of landscapes.

      1902: Wrote Racontars de Rapin. Painted Young Girl with a Fan, a series of still lifes with parrots and landscapes with horsemen on the beach.

      1903: Worked on his memoirs Avant et Après (Before and After). Sentenced to a fine and three-months’ imprisonment for protesting at the authorities’ scandalous treatment of the natives. His illness prevented him from going to Tahiti to appeal against the sentence. On May 8, a month before his fifty-fifth birthday, Gauguin died. He was buried in a small cemetery near Atuona.

* * *

      On 8 May 1903, having lost a futile and fatally exhausting battle with colonial officials, threatened with a ruinous fine and an imprisonment for allegedly instigating the natives to mutiny and slandering the authorities, after a week of acute physical sufferings endured in utter isolation, an artist who had devoted himself to glorifying the pristine harmony of Oceania’s tropical nature and its people died.

      Garden at Vaugirard

      c. 1881

      Oil on canvas, 87 × 114 cm

      Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen

      There is bitter irony in the name given by Gauguin to his house at Atuona –