Russian Avant-Garde. Evgueny Kovtun

ssian Avant-Garde

      Translation: Nick Cowling and Marie-Noëllle Dumaz

      © Parkstone Press International, New York, USA

      © Confidential Concepts, Worldwide, USA

      Art © Nathan Altman/Licensed by VAGA, New York, NY

      © Hans Arp Estate, Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York, USA/ ADAGP, Paris

      © Marc Chagall Estate, Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York, USA/ ADAGP, Paris

      Art © Alexander Deineka/Licensed by VAGA, New York, NY

      Art © Robert Falk/Licensed by VAGA, New York, NY

      © Natalia Goncharova Estate, Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York, USA/ ADAGP, Paris

      © Wassily Kandinsky Estate, Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York, USA/ ADAGP, Paris

      © Pyotr Konchalovsky Estate, Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York, USA/ ADAGP, Paris

      © Vladimir Kozlinsky Estate, Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York, USA/ ADAGP, Paris

      © Mikhail Larionov Estate, Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York, USA/ ADAGP, Paris

      Art © Vladimir Lebedev Estate/Licensed by VAGA, New York, NY

      © Lasar Markowitsch Lissitzky Estate, Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York, USA/VG Bild-Kunst, Bonn

      © Ivan Puni Estate, Artists Rights Society, New York, USA/ ADAGP, Paris

      Art © Alexander Rodchenko Estate/Licensed by VAGA, New York, NY

      © Martiros Saryan, Estate, Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York, USA/ ADAGP, Paris

      © Nikolai Suetin Estate, Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York, USA/ ADAGP, Paris

      © Vladimir Tatlin Estate, Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York, USA/ ADAGP, Paris

      © Yuri Annenkov

      © Sergei Bulakovski

      © David Burliuk

      © Maria Ender

      © Vera Ermolaeva

      © Evguenija Evenbach

      © Alexandra Exter

      © Pavel Filonov

      © Elena Guro

      © Valentin Kurdov

      © Nikolai Lapshin

      © Aristarkh Lentulov

      © Ilya Mashkov

      © Mikhail Matiushin

      © Alexander Matveïev

      © Kuzma Petrov-Vodkine

      © Bossilka Radonitch

      © Alexandra Schekatikhina-Potoskaya

      © Alexander Shevchenko

      © Lyubov Silitch

      © Pyotr Sokolov

      © Sergei Tschechonin

      © Lev Yudin

      I. Art in the First Years of the Revolution

      Kazimir Malevich, Red Square, 1915.

      Oil on canvas, 53 × 53 cm.

      The State Russian Museum, St Petersburg.

      ‘Picasso, this is not the new art.’

      At the beginning of the twentieth century Russian art found itself at the cutting edge of the world’s artistic process. The decades dedicated to the renewal of pictorial art in France were condensed into approximately fifteen years in Russia. The 1910s were marked by the growing influence of Cubism, which in turn modified the ‘profile’ of figurative art itself. But around 1913, the break up could already be felt, with new visual issues emerging and the scales tipping toward the Russian Avant-Garde. In March 1914, Pavel Filonov declared that ‘the centre of gravity of art’ has been transferred to Russia[1].[2] In 1912, Filonov criticised Picasso and Cubo-futurism, saying that it ‘leads to an impasse by its principles.’[3] This statement came at a time when this movement was triumphing in Russian exhibitions. The most sensitive Russian thinkers and painters saw in Cubism and in the creations of Picasso not so much the beginning of a new art but the outcome of the ancient line of which Ingres was the origin.

      Nicholas Berdiaev: ‘Picasso, this is not the new art. It is the conclusion of a bygone art.’[4] Mikhail Matiushin: ‘Thus, Picasso, decomposing reality through the new method of Futurist fragmentation, follows the old photographic process of drawing from nature, only indicating the scheme of the movement of planes.’[5] Mikhail Le Dantyu: ‘It is profoundly incorrect to consider Picasso as a beginning. He is perhaps more of a conclusion, one would be wrong to follow this path.’[6] Nikolai Punin: ‘One cannot see in Picasso that it is the dawning of a new era.’[7] The French Cubists have stopped at the threshold of non-figuration. Their theorists wrote in 1912: ‘Nevertheless, let’s confess that the reminiscence of natural forms cannot be absolutely disowned, at least not for the moment.’[8] This Rubicon was then resolutely transgressed by Russian art in the work of Wassily Kandinsky and Mikhail Larionov, Pavel Filonov and Kazimir Malevich, Vladimir Tatlin and Mikhail Matiushin. The consequences of this approach have been visible for a long time in Russian art, particularly in the 1920s, although non-figurative painting only interested artists for a short period of time. Malevich presented, for the first time, forty-nine Suprematist paintings at the exhibition that opened 15 December 1915 at the gallery of Nadeshda Dobytshina on the Field of Mars (Petrograd). ‘The keys to Suprematism’, he wrote, ‘lead me to a discovery that I am not yet aware of. My new painting does not belong exclusively to the earth. Earth is abandoned like a house eaten from within by woodworm. And there is actually in man, in his conscience, an aspiration for space, a desire to detach himself from Earth.’[9]

      The Spiritual Universe

      For most painters, despite the discoveries of Galileo, Copernicus and Giordano Bruno, the Universe remained geocentric (from an emotional and practical point of view, that is to say, in their creativity). The imagination and structures in their paintings remain pledged to a terrestrial attraction. Perspective and horizon, notions of top and bottom were for them undeniably obvious. Suprematism would disrupt all of this. In some way, Malevich was looking at Earth from space or, in another way, his ‘spiritual universe’ suggested to him this cosmic vision. Numerous Russian philosophers, poets and painters at the beginning of the century returned to the Gnostic idea of primitive Christianity, which saw a typological identity between the spiritual world of man and the Universe. ‘The human skull,’ wrote Malevich, ‘offers to the movement representations of the same infinity, it equals the Universe, because all that man sees in the Universe is there.’[10] Man had begun to feel that he was not only the son of Earth but also an integral part of the Universe. The spiritual movement of man’s inner world generates subjective forms of space and time. The contact of these forms with reality transforms this reality in the work of an artist into art, therefore a material object whose essence is, in fact, spiritual. In this way the comprehension of the spiritual world as a microscopic universe brings about a new ‘cosmic’ understanding of the world. In the 20th century this new comprehension lead to the creation of radical changes in art. In the non-objective paintings of Malevich, whose rejection of terrestrial ‘criteria of orientation,’ notions of top and bottom, right and left, no longer exist, because all orientations are independent, like the Universe. This implies such a level of ‘autonomy’ in the organisation and structure of the work that the links between the orientations, dictated by gravity, are broken. An independent

1

All the quoted publications are in Russian, except in note 7.

2

P. Filonov, The Intimate Studio of Painters and Draughtsmen, ‘The Made Paintings’, St Petersburg, 1914.

3

P. Filonov, The Canon and the Law, Directory of the Manuscripts Department of the Pushkin House, 1912, f.656.

4

N. Berdiaev, ‘Picasso’, Sofia, 1914, No. 3, p.62.

5

Matiushin, The Work of Pavel Filonov, Directory of the Manuscripts Department of the Pushkin House, 1977, Leningrad, 1979, pp.233–234.

6

M. Le Dantyu, Letter to O. Liachkova, 1917, Manuscripts Department of the Russian Museum, f.135, op. 3, f.2.

7

N. Punin, Tatlin (Against Cubism), Petrograd, 1922, p.7.

8

A. Gleizes and J. Metzinger, On Cubism, 4th edition, St Petersburg, 1913, p.14.

9

K. Malevich, Letter to M. Matiushin dated June 1916, Directory of the Manuscripts Department of the Pushkin House, 1974, Leningrad, 1976, p.192.

10

K. Malevich, God Is Not Cast Down. Art, Church, Factory, Vitebsk, 1922, p.7.