Unto This Last, and Other Essays on Political Economy. John Ruskin

" 7.—"Pilots of the State" 106 " 8.—"Silk and Purple" 107

      PART II.

	PAGE
UNTO THIS LAST	117
Essay
I.—The Roots of Honour	127
II.—The Veins of Wealth	143
III.—"Qui Judicatis Terram"	156
IV.—Ad Valorem	173

      PART III.

	PAGE
ESSAYS ON POLITICAL ECONOMY[A]
I.—Maintenance of Life: Wealth, Money and Riches	207
Section 1. Wealth	214
" 2. Money	219
" 3. Riches	222
II.—Nature of Wealth, Variations of Value, The National Store, Nature of Labour, Value and Price, The Currency	225
III.—The Currency-holders and Store-holders, The Disease of Desire	252
IV.—Laws and Governments: Labour And Riches	278

[A] These Essays were afterwards revised and amplified, and published with others under the title "Munera Pulveris."

THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF ART.

       Table of Contents

PREFACE.

       Table of Contents

      The greater part of the following treatise remains in the exact form in which it was read at Manchester; but the more familiar passages of it, which were trusted to extempore delivery, have been since written with greater explicitness and fullness than I could give them in speaking; and a considerable number of notes are added, to explain the points which could not be sufficiently considered in the time I had at my disposal in the lecture-room.

      Some apology may be thought due to the reader, for an endeavour to engage his attention on a subject of which no profound study seems compatible with the work in which I am usually employed. But profound study is not, in this case, necessary either to writer or reader, while accurate study, up to a certain point, is necessary for us all. Political economy means, in plain English, nothing more than "citizens' economy"; and its first principles ought, therefore, to be understood by all who mean to take the responsibility of citizens, as those of household economy by all who take the responsibility of householders. Nor are its first principles in the least obscure: they are, many of them, disagreeable in their practical requirements, and people in general pretend that they cannot understand, because they are unwilling to obey them; or, rather, by habitual disobedience, destroy their capacity of understanding them. But there is not one of the really great principles of the science which is either obscure or disputable—which might not be taught to a youth as soon as he can be trusted with an annual allowance, or to a young lady as soon as she is of age to be taken into counsel by the housekeeper.

      I might, with more appearance of justice, be blamed for thinking it necessary to enforce what everybody is supposed to know. But this fault will hardly be found with me, while the commercial events recorded daily in our journals, and still more the explanations attempted to be given of them, show that a large number of our so-called merchants are as ignorant of the nature of money as they are reckless, unjust, and unfortunate in its employment.

The statements of economical principle given in the text, though I know that most, if not all, of them are accepted by existing authorities on the science, are not supported by references, because I have never read any author on political economy, except Adam Smith, twenty years ago.[1] Whenever I have taken up any modern book upon this subject, I have usually found it encumbered with inquiries into accidental or minor commercial results, for the pursuit of which an ordinary reader could have no leisure, and, by the complication of which, it seemed to me, the authors themselves had been not unfrequently prevented from seeing to the root of the business.

      Finally, if the reader should feel inclined to blame me for too sanguine a statement of future possibilities in political practice, let him consider how absurd it would have appeared in the days of Edward I. if the present state of social economy had been then predicted as necessary, or even described as possible. And I believe the advance from the days of Edward I. to our own, great as it is confessedly, consists, not so much in what we have actually accomplished, as in what we