Encyclopedia of Glass Science, Technology, History, and Culture. Группа авторов

0.52, 0.66 1.13, 0.98 2.1 Ti⁴⁺ 4, 6 0.42, 0.61 1.26, 1.03 1.5 Ge⁴⁺ 4, 6 0.39, 0.53 1.31, 1.12 1.8 Si⁴⁺ 4, 6 0.26, 0.40 1.52, 1.29 1.8 B³⁺ 3, 4 0.01, 0.11 1.60, 1.41 2.0 P⁵⁺ 4 0.17 2.14 2.1 Modifier to intermediate: alkalis and alkaline earths Cs¹⁺ 8 1.74 0.10 0.7 Rb¹⁺ 8 1.61 0.11 0.8 K¹⁺ 8 1.51 0.12 0.8 Na¹⁺ 6 1.02 0.18 0.9 Li¹⁺ 4, 6 0.59, 0.76 0.26, 0.22 1.0 Ba²⁺ 8 1.42 0.26 0.9 Sr²⁺ 8 1.26 0.29 1.0 Ca²⁺ 6, 8 1.00, 1.12 0.36, 0.33 1.0 Mg²⁺ 4, 6 0.57, 0.72 0.53, 0.46 1.2 Be²⁺ 4 0.27 0.75 1.5 Modifier to intermediate: selected others Sn²⁺ 8^e 1.26 0.29 1.8 Pb²⁺ 4, 8^e 0.98, 1.29 0.37, 0.28 1.9 Mn²⁺ 6 0.83^f 0.42 1.5 Fe²⁺ 6 0.78^f 0.44 1.8 Zn²⁺ 4, 6 0.60, 0.74 0.52, 0.45 1.6 Ni²⁺ 4, 6 0.55, 0.69 0.55, 0.48 1.9 La³⁺ 8 1.16 0.47 1.1 Nd³⁺ 8 1.11 0.49 1.1 Er³⁺ 8 1.00 0.54 1.2 Y³⁺ 8 1.02 0.53 1.2 Sc³⁺ 6 0.75 0.67 1.3 Sb³⁺ 4^e 0.76 0.67 1.9 Zr⁴⁺ 8 0.84 0.83 1.4 U⁴⁺ 6 0.89 0.79 1.7 Mo⁶⁺ 4, 6 0.41, 0.59 1.92, 1.58 1.8

^a Common coordination numbers; others may occur. Five‐coordinate states are also known for many cations listed with 4 and 6 coordination (e.g. Al, Si, Ti, Ni), which have intermediate radii and field strengths.

      ^b Cation field strength, valence divided by square of cation–oxygen distance, with the radius of the latter taken as 1.36 Å, the typical value for three‐coordinated O.

      ^c Pauling electronegativity, from Pauling, L. (1970). General Chemistry. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman.

      ^d “Network former” description is generally most appropriate for lower coordination numbers.

      ^e Lone‐pair electronic structure may lead to lower coordination than expected from radius.

      ^f